Izisekelo zeFiziksi kanye neMathematika ku-Geophysics
I-Geophysics igatsha le-geology elisebenzisa izimiso ze-physics kanye nezibalo ukuze lifunde isakhiwo kanye nokuguquguquka koMhlaba. Lo mkhakha usebenzisa amasu okulinganisa izici zomzimba zoMhlaba kanye nokuhumusha idatha ukuze kwembulwe izimfihlo mayelana nokwakheka kwawo, isakhiwo, kanye nezinqubo ze-geological ezenzeka ngaphakathi kwawo. Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ngezisekelo ze-physics kanye nezibalo ezakha isisekelo se-geophysics.
1. Izimiso zeFiziksi ku-Geophysics
I-geophysics incike kakhulu ezimisweni eziyisisekelo ze-physics ukuze iqonde izenzakalo zemvelo. Ezinye zezimiso ezibaluleke kakhulu zifaka:
a. Amandla adonsela phansi
Amandla adonsela phansi angamandla akhangayo phakathi kwezinto ezimbili ezinkulu. Ngokwesimo se-geophysics, isifundo samandla adonsela phansi (gravimetry) sihilela ukulinganisa ukuhlukahluka ensimini yamandla adonsela phansi oMhlaba ukuze kutholakale umehluko wobuningi ngaphakathi koMhlaba. Lesi simiso sisetshenziswa ekuhloleni uwoyela negesi, kanye nasekuqondeni izakhiwo ze-geological njengezigodi nezintaba.
b. Uzibuthe
Uzibuthe uhilela ukulinganisa insimu yamagnetic yoMhlaba, ethintwa okuqukethwe amaminerali emadwaleni. Idatha yamagnetic ingaveza ukungalingani okubonisa ukuba khona kwamaminerali abalulekile, njenge-iron ore. Izinzwa zamagnetic ezizwelayo zisetshenziselwa ukuthola ukwehluka kwensimu yamagnetic ngokunemba okuphezulu kakhulu.
c. Ukusatshalaliswa Kwamagagasi E-Seismic
Amagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba yizinto ezinyakazayo ezihamba emhlabeni ezibangelwa ukuzamazama komhlaba noma ukuqhuma okwenziwe ngumuntu. Ngokuhlaziya isivinini, indlela, kanye nohlobo lwamagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba njengoba edlula ezingqimbeni ezahlukene zoMhlaba, izazi ze-geophysics zingayila isakhiwo sangaphakathi soMhlaba. Le ndlela ibalulekile ekuhlolweni kwe-hydrocarbon kanye nokubikezela ukuzamazama komhlaba.
d. Ukushisa komhlaba
Isayensi ye-geothermal ihilela ukutadisha ukushisa koMhlaba. Ngokulinganisa ukushintshashintsha kokushisa okuvela ngaphakathi koMhlaba kuya ebusweni, le sayensi iyasiza ekuhloleni imithombo yamandla e-geothermal nasekuqondeni izinqubo zezintaba-mlilo kanye nomsebenzi we-hydrothermal.
2. Izimiso Zezibalo ku-Geophysics
Izibalo ziyithuluzi elibalulekile elisetshenziswa ekubumbeni, ekuhlaziyeni idatha, nasekuxazululeni izinkinga ku-geophysics. Ezinye izimiso zezibalo ezibalulekile ku-geophysics zifaka:
a. I-Calculus
I-Calculus isetshenziselwa ukwenza imodeli nokuhlaziya izinguquko ezibonakalayo esikhathini nasesikhala. Izibalo ezihlukile ezichaza ukusabalala kwamagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba, ukugeleza kokushisa, kanye nokunyakaza okukhulu ngaphakathi koMhlaba konke kudinga ukubala. Isibonelo, i-seismic wave equation (i-wave equation) isetshenziselwa ukubikezela ukuziphatha kwamagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba njengoba esakazeka ngezindlela ezahlukene.
b. I-Algebra Eqondile
I-algebra eqondile isetshenziswa ezindleleni zokuguqula idatha ukuxazulula izinkinga ze-geophysical. Ukuguqula idatha kusiza ukudweba izakhiwo ezingaphansi komhlaba ngokuxazulula uhlelo lwezibalo eziqondile ezibonisa idatha elinganisiwe. Le ndlela ibaluleke kakhulu ku-seismic tomography kanye nokucubungula idatha yamagnetic.
c. Izibalo kanye Nokungenzeka
Izibalo kanye namathuba kubalulekile ekuhlaziyweni kwedatha ye-geophysical, ikakhulukazi esimweni sokulinganisa nokulinganisa ukungaqiniseki. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izindlela ezifana nokuhlaziywa kokuhlehla, ukuhlolwa kwe-hypothesis, kanye nezindlela ze-Monte Carlo zokulingisa ukusatshalaliswa kwamapharamitha e-geophysical. Lezi zindlela zivumela izazi ze-geophysicists ukwenza izincazelo ezinembile kakhulu zedatha yokubuka.
d. Ukuguqulwa kwe-Fourier
I-Fourier transform isetshenziselwa ukuhlaziya izimpawu zamagagasi endaweni yemvamisa, okubalulekile ekuhlolweni kwe-seismic kanye nokuhlaziywa kwe-spectral. Le ndlela ivumela ukuhlukaniswa kwezimpawu eziyinkimbinkimbi zibe izingxenye ezilula, okwenza kube lula ukubona izakhiwo zemvamisa zezehlakalo ze-geophysical.
3. Ukusetshenziswa Okungokoqobo Kwezimiso Zefiziksi Nezibalo ku-Geophysics
Amathuluzi namasu ahlukahlukene ku-geophysics ayizindlela eziqondile zokusebenzisa izimiso zomzimba nezezibalo ezichazwe ngenhla. Nazi ezinye zezindlela ezisebenzayo:
a. Ukuhlola Imithombo Yemvelo
Besebenzisa idatha yamandla adonsela phansi kanye neyamagnetic, izazi ze-geophysicists zingathola ama-anomalies abonisa ukuba khona kwemithombo yamaminerali njenge-oyela, igesi, kanye ne-ore yensimbi. Izindlela ze-seismic zisebenzisa amaza omsindo ukumaka indawo engaphansi komhlaba yoMhlaba, okusiza ekuboneni izindawo zokugcina amanzi angaphansi komhlaba ezingaba khona.
b. Ukunciphisa Izinhlekelele Zemvelo
Izifundo zokuzamazama komhlaba zingasetshenziswa ukuthola izindawo ezibuthakathaka kanye nemigqa yamaphutha engaba umthombo wokuzamazama komhlaba. Lolu lwazi lubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwamadolobha, ekuhleleni izakhiwo ezingamelani nokuzamazama komhlaba, kanye nasemizamweni yokunciphisa izinhlekelele.
c. Amandla Okushisa Komhlaba
Izindlela ze-geophysical zisetshenziselwa ukuhlonza nokuphatha izinsiza zamandla e-geothermal ngokuhlola ukusatshalaliswa kokushisa ngaphakathi koMhlaba. Lokhu kusiza ekuthuthukisweni kwezitshalo zamandla e-geothermal ezinobungani nemvelo.
d. Ucwaningo Lwesayensi
I-Geophysics nayo idlala indima ebalulekile ocwaningweni lwesayensi olusiza ukuqonda amandla angaphakathi oMhlaba, njengokuguquguquka kwe-mantle, i-plate tectonics, kanye nomsebenzi wentaba-mlilo. Lokhu kunegalelo ekuthuthukisweni kolwazi mayelana nokuvela kweplanethi yethu.
4. Ubuchwepheshe ku-Geophysics
Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ivumele ukulinganisa okunembe kakhudlwana kanye nokuhlaziywa kwedatha okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ku-geophysics. Obunye bobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe obusetshenzisiwe buhlanganisa:
a. I-Seismometer kanye ne-Geophone
Leli thuluzi lisetshenziselwa ukukala ukudlidliza komhlaba okubangelwa umsebenzi wokuzamazama komhlaba. Ama-seismometer anamuhla angathola ukudlidliza ngokunemba okukhulu kakhulu, okuvumela imephu eningiliziwe yesakhiwo sangaphakathi soMhlaba.
b. I-Magnetometer
Leli thuluzi lisetshenziselwa ukukala ubukhali kanye nesiqondiso sensimu yamagnetic yoMhlaba. Idatha etholakala ku-magnetometer ingasetshenziswa ukuthola ama-anomalies amagnetic abonisa ukuba khona kwemithombo yamaminerali.
c. I-Gravimeter
Leli thuluzi lisetshenziselwa ukukala ukwehluka kwensimu yamandla adonsela phansi eMhlabeni. Ama-Gravimeter azwela kakhulu futhi ayakwazi ukubona umehluko ngobuningi ngaphansi kobuso, esiza ekuboneni izakhiwo ze-geological.
d. Ukucutshungulwa Kwedatha Yekhompyutha
Ngobuchwepheshe besimanje bekhompyutha, idatha ye-geophysical ingacutshungulwa futhi ihlaziywe ngesivinini esikhulu kanye nokunemba. Ama-algorithms okumodela, ukulingisa, kanye nokuguqulwa kwedatha avumela ukudalwa kwamamodeli e-3D anemininingwane eminingi futhi anembile wesakhiwo soMhlaba.
Isiphetho
I-Geophysics iyinsimu ehlanganisa izimiso zefiziksi nezibalo ukuze kufundwe uMhlaba. Kusukela ekuhlolweni kwemithombo yemvelo kuya ekunciphiseni izinhlekelele zemvelo, i-geophysics inegalelo elikhulu ekuqondeni kwethu uMhlaba nezinqubo zawo. Ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe kanye nokuhlaziywa kwedatha kuvule amathuba amasha ocwaningo kanye nezicelo ezisebenzayo, okwenza i-geophysics ibe ngenye yezinsimu ezibaluleke kakhulu kwisayensi yoMhlaba.
