Ukusetshenziswa Kwendlela Yokumelana Nezinto Ezimbi Ku-Geotechnics
Indlela yokumelana ingenye yezindlela ze-geophysical ezisetshenziswa kakhulu kubunjiniyela be-geotechnical ngoba ingachaza izimo zangaphansi komhlaba ngokushesha, ngokungabhubhisi, nangokungabizi kakhulu ezindaweni ezinkulu. Ku-geotechnics—egxile ekuziphatheni kwenhlabathi namadwala ngaphansi kwemithwalo kanye nokuzinza kokwakhiwa—ulwazi mayelana nezendlalelo zenhlabathi, ukujula kwedwala eliyisisekelo, izindawo ezibuthakathaka, kanye nokuba khona kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kubalulekile ekuhleleni okuphumelelayo. Indlela yokumelana isebenza njengebhuloho phakathi kophenyo lobuso kanye nesidingo sedatha eningiliziwe yangaphansi komhlaba, ikakhulukazi lapho ukumba kulinganiselwe noma izimo zasensimini ziyinselele.
Izimiso Eziyisisekelo Zokumelana Nendlela
Ngokuvamile, indlela yokumelana isebenza ngokufaka ugesi emhlabathini ngokusebenzisa ama-electrode amabili wamanje (ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi u-A no-B), bese ilinganisa umehluko okhona okhona kusetshenziswa ama-electrode amabili akhona (u-M no-N). Kusukela kulo mehluko wamanje kanye nowe-potential, kubalwa inani elibonakalayo lokumelana, elimelela impendulo ehlanganisiwe yezinto ezingaphansi komhlaba ngevolumu ethile. Ngenxa yokuthi inhlabathi ayifani futhi inezingqimba, inani elibonakalayo lokumelana akuyona ukumelana "okumsulwa" kwesendlalelo esisodwa, kodwa kunalokho inani elidinga ukuhunyushwa ngokumodela noma ukuguqulwa ukuze kutholakale isigaba sokumelana esiseduze nezimo zangempela.
Ukumelana kuthonywa izici eziningi, okuhlanganisa uhlobo lwezinto (ubumba, isihlabathi, amatshe ayigugu, idwala), ukubhoboka kwamanzi, usawoti wamanzi asemabhodleleni, kanye nezinga lokuwa. Isibonelo, ubumba ngokuvamile lunokumelana okuphansi ngenxa yamandla alo okugcina amanzi kanye nokuqhuba kwamanzi kwezinhlayiya zobumba, kuyilapho idwala elisha noma isihlabathi esomile livame ukuba nokumelana okukhulu (ukumelana okuphezulu). Lokhu kungafani kwamanani okumelana kusetshenziselwa ukuhlonza izinguquko ze-lithological kanye nezimo ze-geotechnical.
Ukucushwa kwe-Electrode kanye ne-Technique Yokulinganisa
Empeleni, ukucushwa okuningana kwe-electrode kuvame ukusetshenziswa kuye ngezinhloso zokuhlola kanye nezimo zasensimini. Ukucushwa kwe-Wenner kwaziwa ukuthi kuyazwela ezinguqukweni eziqondile futhi kulula ukukuthola, kuyilapho ukucushwa kwe-Schlumberger kuvame ukukhethwa ukuze kuzwakale umsindo (i-VES/Vertical Electrical Sounding) ngoba kusebenza kahle ekuphenyweni okujulile okune-electrode encane engaba khona. Kumephu ye-two-dimensional (2D) noma ye-three-dimensional (3D), indlela ye-Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) ithandwa kakhulu ngoba inikeza izithombe ezibanzi kakhulu ezingaphansi komhlaba, ikakhulukazi ekutholeni izindawo ezibuthakathaka, imigodi, noma ukuhlukahluka okubukhali kwe-lateral.
Ukukhetha ukucushwa kuncike ekujuleni kwenhloso, isinqumo esifiswayo, kanye nemikhawulo yensimu efana nokufinyelela, ukuma kwendawo, kanye nokuphazamiseka kwengqalasizinda. Ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, isibonelo, ukuba khona kwezinsiza ezingaphansi komhlaba, uthango lwensimbi, noma imisinga elahlekile kungaletha umsindo, okwenza ukuhlela indlela yokuhlola kanye nokukhethwa kwepharamitha yokutholwa kube yinto ebalulekile.
Indima Yokumelana Nokuphenywa Kwe-Geotechnical
1) Nquma i-Stratigraphy kanye nobukhulu bengqimba yomhlabathi
Enye yezindlela eziyinhloko zokusebenzisa amandla okumelana nogesi kubunjiniyela be-geotechnical ukuhlonza izendlalelo zenhlabathi nokulinganisa ukujiya kwazo. Ekuhleleni isisekelo, idatha ngokujula kwezingqimba eziqinile, inhlabathi ethambile, noma ukuguquka kwenhlabathi namadwala kubalulekile. Izingxenye zokumelana nogesi ezivela ocwaningweni lwe-ERT zingaveza izinguquko ezibalulekile ezihambisana nemingcele ye-lithologic, njengokushintsha kusuka ebumbeni eligcwele (ukumelana okuphansi) kuya esihlabathini esiminyene (ukumelana okuphakathi) noma idwala elingaphansi (ukumelana okuphezulu).
Ngakho-ke, ukumelana kungasiza ekwenzeni ngcono inani lamaphuzu okubhoboza. Esikhundleni sokubhoboza kakhulu kuyo yonke indawo, ukubhoboza kungagxila ezindaweni ezibonisa ukungalingani noma izinguquko ezisheshayo ekumelaneni.
2) Ukutholwa Kokujula Nokwakheka Kwe-Bedrock
Ukujula kwedwala elingaphansi komhlaba kuyipharamitha ebalulekile yokuklama izisekelo ezijulile, imigudu, noma ukuqina komthambeka. Izindlela zokumelana ziyasebenza ekudwebeni i-bedrock topography, ikakhulukazi uma kukhona umehluko ocacile wokumelana phakathi kwe-overload kanye nedwala elingaphansi komhlaba. Kumaphrojekthi omgwaqo, edamini, noma ebhuloho, lolu lwazi lusiza ukulinganisa izidingo zokuqinisa, ubude bezinqwaba, kanye nezinkinga zokwakha ezingaba khona ngenxa yokwehluka kokujula kwedwala elingaphansi komhlaba.
3) Thola Izindawo Zobumba Ezithambile kanye Nenhlabathi Eyinkinga
Inhlabathi ethambile, ikakhulukazi ubumba olugcwele, ivame ukuba nokumelana okuncane. Ukuba khona kwezingqimba ezijiyile zobumba oluthambile kungabangela ukuhlala okubalulekile futhi kudinga ukuthuthukiswa komhlabathi njengokulayisha kusengaphambili, imisele eqondile eyenziwe kusengaphambili (ama-PVD), noma amakholomu amatshe. Ukumelana kuvumela ukusatshalaliswa kwezinhlangothi zalezi zingqimba ukuthi kudwetshwe ukuze kuklanywe imiklamo yokuthuthukisa eqondiswe kakhulu.
Ukumelana nakho kuyasiza ekutholeni inhlabathi ye-peat noma izinto eziphilayo, ngokuvamile ezicindezeleka kakhulu futhi eziyinkinga ekwakheni. Nakuba ukuhumusha kudinga ukuqapha (njengoba ezinye izimo zingalingisa ukumelana okuphansi), ukuhlanganisa ukumelana nedatha yokubhoboza kanye nokuhlolwa kwelebhu kunikeza isithombe esithembeke kakhudlwana.
4) Uphenyo Lwamanzi Angaphansi Komhlaba, Ukuvuza, kanye Nezimo Ezigcwele
Ku-geotechnics, amanzi ayisici esibalulekile esithonya amandla okusika inhlabathi kanye nokuqina kwemithambeka. Ukuhlolwa kokumelana kungadweba izindawo zokugcwala, izindlela zokuvuza, kanye nezinguquko zesizini kokuqukethwe kwamanzi. Emadamini noma ema-embankment, isibonelo, ukutholakala kusenesikhathi kokuvuza kubalulekile ukuvimbela amapayipi kanye nokwehluleka kwesakhiwo. Izindawo zokuvuza zivame ukubonakala njengezimo ezingavamile zokumelana eziphansi ezisabalala endleleni yokugeleza kwamanzi.
Kumaphrojekthi okuthambeka, izindawo zokushelela zivame ukuhambisana nezendlalelo zobumba ezigcwele noma izindawo ezimanzi kakhulu. Ukumelana kungasiza ekuboneni izindawo ezidinga amanzi okuthambeka noma ukuqinisa okwengeziwe.
5) Ukutholwa Kwezindawo Ezimboziwe, I-Karst, kanye Nezindawo Zokuguguleka Kwezulu
Ezindaweni ze-limestone, ukuba khona kwemigodi ye-karst kungaba usongo olukhulu ezisekelweni nasekuzinzeni komhlaba. Imigodi egcwele umoya ivame ukubonisa ukumelana okuphezulu, kuyilapho imigodi egcwele amanzi ingase ibonise ukumelana okuphansi. Ngenxa yalokhu kushintshashintsha, ukuhumusha kudinga ukuqapha nokusekelwa kolunye ulwazi (isb., i-GPR, ukujikijelwa komhlaba, noma ukubhoboza). Noma kunjalo, i-ERT ivame ukuba yindlela ekhethwayo yokwenza imephu ye-karst ngoba ingabonisa ukushintshashintsha okuseceleni nokuqondile ngemininingwane eyanele.
Ngaphezu kwemigodi, izindawo zokuguguleka kwamadwala nazo zingadwetshwa. Amadwala agugulekayo ngokuvamile anezimbobo eziningi futhi agcwele amanzi, okuholela ekumelaneni okuphansi uma kuqhathaniswa namadwala amasha. Lolu lwazi lubalulekile ekuklameni izisekelo zamadwala, ekusikeni imithambeka yamadwala, nasekunqumeni izindlela zokumba.
6) Ukuhlolwa Kwezinguquko Ezimweni Zomhlabathi Ngemva Kokuthuthukiswa (Ukuqapha)
Izindlela zokumelana azisizi nje kuphela esigabeni sokuqala sophenyo kodwa zingasetshenziswa nasekuqapheni. Isibonelo, ngemva kokujova i-grouting, izinguquko ekumelaneni zingabonisa izindawo ezigcwele izinto ze-grout noma izindawo ezisenezikhala. Emaphrojekthini okulungisa inhlabathi engcolisiwe, ukumelana kungasetshenziswa ukuqapha ukusatshalaliswa koketshezi noma izinguquko kokuqukethwe kwamanzi ngenxa yenqubo yokulungisa.
Nakuba le ndlela ingathathi indawo yokuhlola okuqondile, ukuqapha ukumelana nomonakalo kunikeza isithombe sendawo esiqhubekayo esisiza ekwenzeni izinqumo ngokushesha ensimini.
Izinzuzo kanye nokulinganiselwa
Izinzuzo eziyinhloko zendlela yokumelana nendawo yayo ebanzi yokumboza, uhlobo lwayo olungabhubhisi, ikhono lokubonisa ukushintshashintsha kwezinhlangothi, kanye nesivinini esilinganiselwe. Le ndlela iwusizo kakhulu ekunciphiseni ukungaqiniseki kokuqala kanye nokuqondisa uphenyo olunemininingwane. Kodwa-ke, ukumelana kunemikhawulo: ukuhumusha akuyona into ehlukile, okusho ukuthi inani elifanayo lokumelana lingamelela izimo eziningana ezahlukene zezinto. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphazamiseka komsindo okuvela engqalasizinda, ukuhlukahluka komswakama womphezulu, kanye nokuxhumana okungekuhle kwe-electrode kungathinta ikhwalithi yedatha.
Ngakho-ke, indlela yokumelana kufanele ibekwe njengengxenye yendlela ehlanganisiwe: ihlanganiswe nokubhoboza, i-SPT/CPT, ukuhlolwa kwelabhorethri, kanye nedatha yendawo ye-geological. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwenza ukuhumusha kube okuqinile futhi kungahunyushwa kube yimingcele ye-geotechnical efanele.
I-Penutup
Ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zokumelana nokushisa kubunjiniyela be-geotechnical kuye kwashintsha kusuka ekuzwakaleni okulula kobukhulu obulodwa kuya ekucabangeni okunolwazi kakhulu kwe-2D kanye ne-3D subsurface. Ikhono layo lokudweba i-stratigraphy, i-bedrock contours, izindawo zomhlabathi ezithambile, izindlela zokuvuza, ngisho nemigodi ye-karst kwenza kube ithuluzi elibalulekile lokusekela ukwakheka kwesisekelo, ukuzinza kwe-slope, kanye nokuphepha kwengqalasizinda. Ngenkathi kudinga ukuhumusha ngokucophelela kanye nokulinganiswa ngedatha eqondile, izindlela zokumelana nokushisa zinikeza inani elibalulekile elengeziwe: ukusheshisa ukuqonda izimo ze-subsurface kanye nokunciphisa izingozi zokwakha. Ngokuhlela kahle ucwaningo kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwedatha eminingi, ukumelana nokushisa kungaba yingxenye ebalulekile ophenyweni lwesimanje lwe-geotechnical.
