Ukusetshenziswa Kwezindlela ZikaMagnetic Ekuhloleni Kwe-Hydrocarbon
Ukuhlola i-hydrocarbon (uwoyela negesi) kuwuchungechunge lwemisebenzi yokuthola, ukumaka, nokuhlola ukuqongelela okungaba khona kwe-hydrocarbon ngaphansi komhlaba. Empeleni, ukuhlola kwanamuhla akuvamile ukuthembela endleleni eyodwa. Idatha ye-geological, i-geochemical, kanye ne-geophysical ivame ukuhlanganiswa ukuze kuncishiswe ukungaqiniseki. Enye indlela ye-geophysical evame ukusetshenziswa ezigabeni zokuqala zokuhlola izindlela ze-magnetic. Nakuba izindlela ze-magnetic zingaziboni ngqo ama-hydrocarbon, zisebenza kahle kakhulu ekudwebeni uhlaka lwe-geological lwesifunda, ukujiya kwe-sediment, izakhiwo zamaphutha, kanye nokucushwa kwe-basement—ulwazi olubalulekile ezinhlelweni ze-petroleum.
Izimiso Eziyisisekelo Zendlela KaMagnetic
Izindlela zikamaginethi zisebenza ngokulinganisa ukwehluka kwensimu kazibuthe yoMhlaba okubangelwa ukwehluka kwezakhiwo zikamaginethi zamatshe. Isici esiyinhloko esihilelekile ukuthambekela kukagesi, okuyikhono ledwala lokuba nogesi uma libekwa ensimini kazibuthe yangaphandle. Amatshe aqinile nane-metamorphic, ikakhulukazi lawo aqukethe amaminerali kazibuthe njenge-magnetite, ngokuvamile anokuthambekela okuphezulu kunamatshe ase-sedimentary. Ngenxa yokuthi i-sediment ivame ukuba buthaka ngokuthambekela kukagesi, izinguquko zensimu kazibuthe ezirekhodiwe zivame ukubonisa ukwehluka edwaleni elingaphansi noma ukungena kwe-igneous, kunokuba kube yi-sediment uqobo.
Ukulinganisa amandla kazibuthe kungenziwa ngokuhlola amandla kazibuthe emhlabeni, ukuhlola amandla kazibuthe olwandle, kanye nokuhlola amandla kazibuthe emoyeni. Idatha etholakele iyi-total magnetic field anomaly (total magnetic intensity/TMI), bese icutshungulwa ukuze kuqokonyiswe iphethini engavamile futhi kuchazwe umthombo wayo.
Ukubaluleka Kwezindlela ZikaMagnetic Ezinhlelweni Zikaphethiloli
Izinhlelo zikaphethiloli zincike ezintweni eziningana: amatshe omthombo, amatshe okugcina amanzi, izicupho, izivalo, kanye nomlando wokushisa kanye nokufuduka. Izindlela zikamaginethi azinikezi ulwazi oluqondile mayelana nokubhoboka, ukungena kwamanzi, noma okuqukethwe uketshezi. Kodwa-ke, zibalulekile ekwembuleni izingxenye ezilawula ukwakheka kwezicupho kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwesitsha, okuhlanganisa:
1. Imephu yephansi kanye nobukhulu bokushuba kwenhlabathi
Izitsha eziningi ze-sedimentary zakha phezu kwesisekelo esingaphansi esinobuthi obunamandla, esikristalu. Ngokuhlaziya izitayela ze-magnetic anomaly, izazi ze-geophysicists zingalinganisa ukujula kwesisekelo kanye nokwehluka kobukhulu be-sediment. Ubukhulu be-sediment bubalulekile ngoba buhlobene nokuvuthwa kwedwala elivela emthonjeni: izitsha ezijule ngokwanele zivame ukuba namazinga okushisa anele kanye nezingcindezi zokukhiqiza ama-hydrocarbon.
2. Thola izakhiwo zesifunda (amaphutha kanye nokugoba)
Isakhiwo se-geological siyisici esibalulekile ekwakhekeni kwezicupho. Amaphutha amakhulu angahlukanisa ama-grabens/horsts, alawule izikhombisi-ndlela zokufuduka, futhi adale izicupho zesakhiwo. Ukungafani kwamagnetic eceleni kwamaphutha noma izindawo zokuguqulwa kungakhiqiza imigqa yamagnetic engahunyushwa njengemikhondo yezakhiwo ezingaphansi komhlaba.
3. Ukutholwa kokungena kanye namatshe angcolile
Ukuba khona kokungena kungathinta izinhlelo zikaphethiloli kokubili okuhle nokubi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukungena kungasebenza njenge "heater" yendawo esheshisa ukuvuthwa kwamatshe avelayo; ngakolunye uhlangothi, umsebenzi we-magmatic ungaphazamisa izindawo zokugcina amanzi noma izivalo, okwenza kube nzima ukuhumusha kokuzamazama komhlaba. Izindlela zikamaginethi zizwela kakhulu ezindizeni ezingenalutho, okwenza zibe usizo ekubhaleni ukusatshalaliswa kwazo.
4. Uhlaka lwe-Tectonic kanye nokuvela kwe-basin
Amaphethini e-magnetic anomaly yesifunda angasiza ekwakheni kabusha umlando wokuqhekeka, ukusabalala phansi kolwandle, noma imingcele yomhlaba. Ukuqonda ukuvela kwe-tectonic kusiza ukubikezela indawo yamakhishi (izindawo zokukhiqizwa kwe-hydrocarbon), ukufuduka kwawo, kanye nezinhlobo zezingibe ezingase zivele.
Izigaba Zokuhlola Nokucubungula Idatha Kamagnetic
Emongweni wokuhlola, izindlela zikagesi zivame ukusetshenziswa kusukela esigabeni sokuhlola kuya ekuthuthukisweni kwamathuba. Izigaba zifaka:
1. Umklamo wokuhlola
Ukunqunywa kwesikhala sethrekhi, isiqondiso sethrekhi, ukuphakama kwendiza (kokuhamba emoyeni), kanye nobuningi bedatha kuncike kulokho okuqondiwe. Ezifundweni zesifunda, isikhala sethrekhi singaba sikhulu; ezindaweni ezitholakalayo, kudingeka isikhala esikhudlwana.
2. Ukulungiswa kwensimu ye-Diurnal kanye ne-main field
Insimu yamagnetic yoMhlaba iyashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi (ukwehluka kwemini). Idatha idinga ukulungiswa kusetshenziswa i-magnetometer yesiteshi esiyisisekelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingxenye zensimu eyinhloko (isb., imodeli ye-IGRF) ziyasuswa ukuze kutholakale ama-anomalies amele umthombo we-geological.
3. Ukugaya nokuhlunga
Idatha ibe isifakwa kumephu yegridi. Kusetshenziswa izihlungi ezahlukahlukene, njenge:
– Ukunciphisa kube yi-Pole (RTP) ukuze kususwe isiqongo esingajwayelekile eduze nomthombo waso (ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziphakathi nendawo eziphakeme).
– I-derivative (eqondile/evundlile) ukugqamisa imingcele yomzimba wamagnetic kanye nomugqa.
– Ukuqhubeka phezulu/phansi kuya ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zesifunda nezisele, yize ukuqhubeka phansi kumele kusetshenziswe ngokuqapha njengoba kungakhulisa umsindo.
4. Ukuguqulwa kanye nokwakheka kwemodeli
Ukuhumusha kungaba yikhwalithi (amaphethini okufunda kumamephu) noma okulinganiselwe (ukumodela kwe-2D/3D). Ukuguqulwa kwamagnetic kuzama ukulinganisa ukusatshalaliswa kokuzwela okungaphansi komhlaba okuhambisana nedatha. Ekuhlolweni kwe-hydrocarbon, imiphumela yokuguqulwa ivame ukusetshenziswa ukwakha amamodeli okujula kwesisekelo kanye ne-geometry yokungena.
Izibonelo Zokusetshenziswa Ekuhlolweni Kwe-Hydrocarbon
Empeleni, izindlela zamagnetic zivame ukusetshenziswa ku:
– Ukuhlola izitsha ezintsha: Uma idatha yokuzamazama komhlaba ingakatholakali noma isalinganiselwe, amandla kazibuthe asiza ekuhloleni ukuthi kukhona yini isitsha esinobukhulu obanele, nokuthi imingcele yaso iyini.
– Ukuhlela inhlolovo ye-Seismic: Ulwazi lwesakhiwo sesifunda oluvela kuma-magnetic lungaqondisa ukuqondiswa kwemigqa ye-seismic ukuze ihlangane kahle nezakhiwo ezinkulu.
– Ukunciphisa ingozi yokuchazwa kokuzamazama komhlaba: Ezindaweni ezinekhwalithi ephansi yokuzamazama komhlaba (isb. ngenxa ye-basalt, ama-carbonate anejubane eliphezulu, noma izimo eziyinkimbinkimbi eziseduze nobuso), amandla kazibuthe anganikeza izinkomba ezengeziwe mayelana nesakhiwo sephansi kanye nokuba khona kwezintaba-mlilo.
– Izifundo zase-Offshore: Ucwaningo lwe-olwandle olusebenzisa amandla kazibuthe luyashesha futhi luyonga kakhulu ekuqondeni izinto ezingavamile zesifunda, ikakhulukazi ezigabeni zokuqala zokuhlola imingcele.
Izinzuzo Zendlela KaMagnetic
Izindlela zikamazibuthe zinezinzuzo eziningana ezenza zifaneleke ekuhlolweni kwe-hydrocarbon:
1. Izindleko eziphansi kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nokuzamazama komhlaba, ikakhulukazi ekumbozweni kwendawo ebanzi.
2. Ukuthengwa okusheshayo, ikakhulukazi ukuhlola okuhamba emoyeni okukwazi ukumboza izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha-skwele ngesikhathi esifushane.
3. Izwela phansi kanye namatshe angcolile, okwenza ifaneleke ezifundweni zezinhlaka ze-tectonic kanye nobukhulu be-sediment.
4. Isekela ukuhlanganiswa kwezindlela eziningi, isibonelo ngedatha yamandla adonsela phansi, ukuzamazama komhlaba, kanye nedatha ye-geology yomhlaba.
Ukulinganiselwa kanye Nezinselele
Naphezu kwezinzuzo zayo, indlela yamagnetic nayo inemikhawulo ebalulekile:
– Ayiboni ama-hydrocarbon ngqo. Ama-anomalies amagnetic athonywa kakhulu amaminerali amagnetic, hhayi uketshezi.
– Ukungacaci kokuhumusha (okungeyona into eyingqayizivele). Amamodeli amaningi angaphansi komhlaba angakhiqiza izimpendulo ezifanayo ezingavamile. Ngakho-ke, ama-magnetics kudingeka axhumene nolunye ulwazi (amandla adonsela phansi, ukuzamazama komhlaba, imithombo).
– Ithonya le-remanent magnetization. Amanye amatshe ane-residual magnetization okuqondiswa kwayo kanye nobukhulu bayo akuhambisani nensimu yamanje yamagnetic, okungenza ukuhumusha kube nzima.
– Umsindo wamasiko. Ingqalasizinda yensimbi (amapayipi, imisele, izintambo zikagesi) ingabangela ukuphazamiseka, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa komhlaba ezindaweni zezimboni.
Ukuhlanganiswa Nezinye Izindlela Ze-Geophysical
Inani elikhulu kakhulu lezindlela zikagesi livela lapho zihlanganiswa. Inhlanganisela kagesi kagesi kanye nogesi odonsela phansi ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukumaka isisekelo sendawo kanye nokulinganisa ukujiya kwenhlabathi, njengoba amandla adonsela phansi ezwela ubuningi kanti amandla kagesi azwela ubuthakathaka. Ukuhlanganiswa ne-seismic kuvumela ukuhlanganiswa kokuchazwa: amandla kagesi asiza ukumaka imingcele yesifunda kanye nokungenelela, kuyilapho i-seismic inikeza izithombe zokubonisa kanye ne-stratigraphy ezihlobene ngqo nezinhlelo zikagesi. Idatha ye-Well (izingodo zobuningi, ulwazi lwe-sonic, kanye ne-lithology) bese isetshenziswa ukulinganisa imodeli.
Isiphetho
Izindlela zikamazibuthe ziyithuluzi elibalulekile ekuhlolweni kwe-hydrocarbon, ikakhulukazi ezifundweni zesigaba sokuqala nezesifunda. Njengoba zinekhono lokudweba isakhiwo se-basement, ukujiya kwe-sediment, amaphutha esifunda, kanye nokuba khona kwamatshe angcolile, lezi zindlela zisiza ekwakheni ukuqonda uhlaka lwe-basin olwakha isisekelo sokuhlola izinhlelo zikaphethiloli. Nakuba zingakwazi ukubona ngqo ama-hydrocarbon futhi zingaphansi kokungaqondakali kokuchazwa, izindlela zikamazibuthe zihlala ziwusizo kakhulu uma zisetshenziswa ngomklamo wokuhlola ofanele, ukucubungula idatha ngokucophelela, kanye nokuhlanganiswa nolwazi lwe-geological, gravity, seismic, kanye nomthombo. Ezimweni zokuhlola ezifuna ukusebenza kahle kanye nengozi encishisiwe, izindlela zikamazibuthe zizoqhubeka nokuba yingxenye ebalulekile yamasu okuthola izinsiza zikawoyela negesi.
