Ukuhlaziywa Kwesimo Sezwe kanye Nomthelela Waso Ezakhiweni
I-Pendahuluan
I-Indonesia, njengezwe elisePacific Ring of Fire, ivame ukubhekana namazinga aphezulu omsebenzi wokuzamazama komhlaba. Lesi simo senza ukuhlaziywa kokuzamazama komhlaba kubaluleke kakhulu, ikakhulukazi esimweni sokunciphisa izingozi zezinhlekelele kanye nokuhlelwa kwengqalasizinda engamelani nokuzamazama komhlaba. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngezici zokuzamazama komhlaba kanye nomthelela wako ezakhiweni ezahlukene zezakhiwo, ngokombono wokuhlela, ukuklama, kanye nokuqaliswa kokwakhiwa.
Imiqondo Eyisisekelo Yokuzamazama Komhlaba
I-Seismology iwukufunda ngokuzamazama komhlaba kanye nezenzakalo ezihlobene. Kalula nje, ukuzamazama komhlaba kungukuzamazama komhlaba okubangelwa ukukhishwa kwamandla ngaphakathi koMhlaba. Lawa mandla avela ekuhambeni kwamapuleti e-tectonic ashayisana, ahlukana, noma ashelelayo. Umsebenzi we-seismic ungalinganiswa kusetshenziswa ithuluzi elibizwa ngokuthi i-seismograph, eliqopha ukuzamazama komhlaba futhi linikeze idatha ngobukhulu, ubude, kanye nendawo yokuzamazama komhlaba.
Ubukhulu Nokuqina Kokuzamazama Komhlaba
Ubukhulu buyindlela yokulinganisa amandla akhishwa ngesikhathi sokuzamazama komhlaba futhi bulinganiswa esikalini sikaRichter. Okwamanje, ubukhulu bokuzamazama komhlaba buyindlela yokulinganisa umthelela noma ubukhulu bomonakalo obangelwa ukuzamazama komhlaba endaweni ethile, ngokuvamile kulinganiswa esikalini sikaMercalli. Kokubili kubalulekile ekuqondeni uhlobo nomthelela wokuzamazama komhlaba. Ukuzamazama komhlaba okukhulu akubanga umonakalo omkhulu uma kwenzeka kude nezindawo zokuhlala noma uma izakhiwo zihlangabezana nezindinganiso zokunciphisa izinhlekelele.
Umthelela Wokuzamazama Komhlaba Ezindaweni
Ukuzamazama komhlaba kungabangela umonakalo omkhulu ezinhlobonhlobo zezakhiwo, kusukela emakhaya alula kuya ezakhiweni eziphakeme. Umthelela wazo uyahlukahluka kuye ngezici eziningana, okuhlanganisa indawo ye-epicenter, ukujula kokugxilwa kokuzamazama komhlaba, uhlobo lomhlabathi, kanye nekhwalithi yokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo.
Ukwakhiwa Kwezakhiwo
Esinye sezici eziyinhloko ezinquma umonakalo wesakhiwo yikhwalithi yokwakha. Ukwakhiwa okungahlangabezani nezindinganiso ezimelana nokuzamazama komhlaba kusengozini enkulu yokulimala kunokwakhiwa okwenzelwe ngqo ukumelana nokuzamazama komhlaba. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokwakha eziqinile, amasu okwakha afanele, kanye nokuqonda ukuguquguquka kwesakhiwo kubalulekile ekunciphiseni umthelela wokuzamazama komhlaba.
Ukuvuselela Isakhiwo
Isakhiwo ngasinye sinomvamisa wemvelo, futhi lapho imvamisa yokudlidliza kokuzamazama komhlaba isondela emvamisa wemvelo wesakhiwo, kungenzeka i-resonance. Lokhu kudlidliza kungaholela ekudlidlizeni okunamandla nokulimazayo, njengoba amandla okuzamazama komhlaba amuncwa kahle yisakhiwo. Ngakho-ke, umklamo omuhle kumele ucabangele i-resonance ukuze kuncishiswe ingozi yomonakalo wokuzamazama komhlaba.
Amasu Okunciphisa Ukuzamazama Komhlaba kanye Nokuklama
Ukuze kuncishiswe umthelela wokuzamazama komhlaba ezakhiweni, kuye kwasungulwa amasu nezindlela ezahlukahlukene kwezobunjiniyela bezakhiwo. Nazi ezinye zezindlela eziyinhloko zokuklama okumelana nokuzamazama komhlaba:
Isisekelo Esiqinile Nesizinzile
Izisekelo ziyisihluthulelo sokugcina ubuqotho besakhiwo ngesikhathi sokuzamazama komhlaba. Isisekelo esiqinile singanciphisa umthelela wokudlidliza futhi sivimbele ukubhidlika kwesakhiwo. Amasu esisekelo njengokusebenzisa izinqwaba nezinyawo ezijulile angasiza ekuqiniseni isakhiwo.
Isakhiwo Sohlaka kanye Nezindonga Zokusika
Izakhiwo zohlaka lwensimbi noma oluqinisiwe lwekhonkrithi zinganikeza ukuguquguquka namandla adingekayo ukuze kumelwane nokudlidliza kokuzamazama komhlaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindonga ezisikiwe zingasiza ekusabalaliseni imithwalo ngokulinganayo futhi zinciphise ukuguquka kwesakhiwo ngesikhathi sokuzamazama komhlaba.
I-Damper Yokudlidliza
Ama-damper okudlidliza amadivayisi afakwe ezakhiweni ukuze anciphise ubukhulu bokudlidliza abakubonayo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene njenge-viscoelastic dampers, i-tuned mass dampers (TMDs), kanye nama-magnetorheological dampers. Ukusetshenziswa kwama-vibration dampers kunganciphisa umonakalo wesakhiwo futhi kuthuthukise ukuphepha kwabahlali besakhiwo.
Isihlukanisi Sokuzamazama Komhlaba
Isihlukanisi sokuzamazama komhlaba siyi-elastomer ekhethekile noma ungqimba lokusika olufakwe phakathi kwesakhiwo nesisekelo saso. Umsebenzi waso ukuhlukanisa ukunyakaza kwesakhiwo ekudlidlizeni komhlaba, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe amandla okuzamazama komhlaba esiwatholayo. Lobu buchwepheshe busetshenziswe ezakhiweni eziningi eziphakeme kanye nengqalasizinda ebalulekile njengamabhuloho nezibhedlela.
Studi Kasus
Ukuzamazama Komhlaba Okukhulu eJapani (2011)
Ukuzamazama komhlaba okungu-9,1 magnitude okwahlasela iJapan ngo-2011 kuyisibonelo esicacile sokubaluleka kokunciphisa ukuzamazama komhlaba. Nakuba ukuzamazama komhlaba kwabangela umonakalo omkhulu futhi kwabulala abantu abaningi, izakhiwo eziningi endaweni yaseTokyo zahlala zimile ngenxa yamasu okwakha athuthukile. IJapane sekuyisikhathi eside isebenzisa amazinga okwakha aqinile angamelani nokuzamazama komhlaba, futhi imiphumela iyabonakala ezakhiweni eziningi ezasinda ekuzamazameni okubhubhisayo.
Ukuzamazama Komhlaba eYogyakarta (2006)
Ukuzamazama komhlaba kweYogyakarta ngo-2006, okulinganiselwa ku-6,3 ngobukhulu, kwalimaza kakhulu izinkulungwane zezakhiwo futhi kwabulala abantu abaningi. Izakhiwo eziningi ezadilika kwakuyizakhiwo zokuhlala ezingakhiwanga ngezindinganiso ezimelana nokuzamazama komhlaba. Izifundo zangemva kwenhlekelele zibonise ukubaluleka kokusebenzisa amasu okwakha amelana nokuzamazama komhlaba, ngisho nasekwakheni izakhiwo zokuhlala ezilula.
Isiphetho
Ukuhlaziywa kokuzamazama komhlaba nokuqonda umthelela wako ezakhiweni kuyizinto ezibalulekile ekuvikeleni impahla kanye nezimpilo ekuzamazameni komhlaba. Nakuba kungenakwenzeka ukuvimbela ukuzamazama komhlaba, singanciphisa ingozi kanye nomonakalo ngokusebenzisa amasu okuklama angamelani nokuzamazama komhlaba kanye nokwakha ingqalasizinda ehlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuphepha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imfundo ngokulungela izinhlekelele kanye nokuqeqeshwa kokuphendula eziphuthumayo kubalulekile ekunciphiseni imiphumela emibi yalezi zinhlekelele.
Ngokuhlanganisa izindlela zesayensi nezobunjiniyela ekuhleleni intuthuko, kunethemba lokuthi kuzokwakhiwa indawo ephephile neqinile ukuze imelane nokuzamazama komhlaba kwesikhathi esizayo. Amazwe anomsebenzi omkhulu wokuzamazama komhlaba njenge-Indonesia kumele aqhubeke nokucwaninga, ukuthuthukisa, nokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwezakhamuzi zawo kanye nokusimama kwengqalasizinda yawo.
