Isakhiwo kanye Nomsebenzi We-Cerebrum
I-cerebrum iyingxenye enkulu kakhulu yesimiso sezinzwa somuntu esiyinhloko. Lesi sakhiwo sithatha ingxenye enkulu yomgodi wobuchopho futhi siyisikhungo sokulawula esiyinhloko semisebenzi yethu eminingi yansuku zonke, kusukela ekucabangeni, ekukhumbuleni, ekukhulumeni, ekuchazeni izinto ezishukumisa izinzwa, kuya ekulawuleni ukunyakaza okuqaphelayo. Ngaphandle kwe-cerebrum, abantu bebengeke bakwazi ukwenza izinqubo zengqondo ezisezingeni eliphezulu njengokucabanga, ukucabanga, ukuhlela, kanye nokwenza izinqumo. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngesakhiwo esiyinhloko se-cerebrum, izingxenye zayo, kanye nemisebenzi ebalulekile eyenzayo.
Incazelo yobuchopho
Ngokuvamile, i-cerebrum yingxenye ephezulu nenkulu yobuchopho, equkethe ama-hemispheres amabili: i-hemisphere yesobunxele kanye ne-hemisphere yesokudla. Ama-hemisphere amabili ahlukaniswe yigebe elibizwa ngokuthi i-longitudinal fissure, kodwa ahlala exhunywe yinethiwekhi ebanzi yezintambo zezinzwa ebizwa ngokuthi i-corpus callosum. I-corpus callosum ivumela ama-hemisphere amabili ukushintshanisa ulwazi, okuvumela umsebenzi womzimba kanye nezinqubo zokucabanga ukuthi zihlanganiswe.
I-cerebrum inobuso obugoqekile kakhulu. Lawa magoqo aqukethe imiphetho ebizwa ngokuthi i-gyri kanye nama-depression abizwa ngokuthi i-sulci. Lawa magoqo awazona nje izici zobuhle, kodwa kunalokho isu lebhayoloji lokwandisa indawo yobuchopho, okuvumela inani elikhulu lamaseli ezinzwa (ama-neurons) kanye nokuxhumana kwawo naphezu kwesikhala esincane ngaphakathi kwekhanda.
Isakhiwo esiyinhloko sobuchopho
1. I-cerebral cortex
Ingxenye engaphandle yobuchopho ibizwa ngokuthi i-cerebrum cortex, eyakhiwe yi-neuron-rich grey matter. I-cortex iyisikhungo semisebenzi yokuqonda ephakeme, okuhlanganisa ukuqonda, ulimi, ukucabanga okungabonakali, kanye nokwazi. I-cortex yobuchopho bomuntu ithuthukiswe kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo, okuvumela amakhono okufunda nokucabanga ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
I-cortex ihlukaniswe ngezifunda ngokusekelwe emsebenzini, njengezindawo zokunyakaza (ukulawula ukunyakaza), izindawo zezinzwa (ukwamukela izinto ezishukumisayo), kanye nezindawo zokuxhumanisa (ukucubungula ulwazi oluthuthukisiwe). Lokhu kuhlukaniswa akuqinile ngokuphelele, kodwa kusiza ukuqonda ukuthi ubuchopho buhlela kanjani amakhono ahlukahlukene.
2. Izinto ezimhlophe
Ngaphansi kwe-cortex kulele into emhlophe, iqoqo lemicu yezinzwa (ama-axon) embozwe nge-myelin. Ungqimba lwe-myelin lwenza imicu yezinzwa ibonakale imhlophe futhi isebenza ukusheshisa ukudluliselwa kwemizwa yezinzwa. Into emhlophe isebenza "njengendlela yokuxhumana" exhumanisa izindawo ezahlukahlukene ze-cortex futhi ixhumanise ubuchopho nobuchopho bonke kanye nomgogodla.
Ngokuvamile, imicu ye-axon ezintweni ezimhlophe ihlukaniswe kanje:
– Imicu yokuhlanganisa, izindawo ezixhumanisa ngaphakathi kwe-hemisphere eyodwa.
– Imicu ye-commissural, exhumanisa ama-hemispheres angakwesokunxele nangakwesokudla (isb. i-corpus callosum).
– Imicu yokuphrojektha, exhumanisa i-cortex nezakhiwo ezijulile njenge-thalamus, i-brainstem, kanye ne-spinal cord.
3. Izakhiwo ezingaphansi kwe-cortex (ngaphansi kwe-cortex)
Ngaphezu kwe-cortex kanye ne-white matter, i-cerebrum ihlanganisa nezakhiwo ezijulile, njenge:
– I-basal ganglia, idlala indima ekuhlanganiseni ukunyakaza, ekwakheni imikhuba, kanye nokulawula amakhono okunyakaza okuhle.
– Uhlelo lwe-limbic (isb., i-amygdala kanye ne-hippocampus), olubaluleke kakhulu emizweni, ekugqugquzelweni, kanye nasekubunjweni kwenkumbulo yesikhathi eside.
Nakuba ezinye zalezi zakhiwo zivame ukuxoxwa njengengxenye "yobuchopho obungaphambili" obubanzi, imisebenzi yazo ihlanganiswe ngokuqinile nomsebenzi wobuchopho.
Ukuhlukaniswa kobuchopho ngokusekelwe kuma-lobes
I-hemisphere ngayinye ihlukaniswe ngama-lobes amaningana amakhulu ngokusekelwe ku-sulci enkulu ebusweni bobuchopho. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kubalulekile ngoba i-lobe ngayinye ivame ukuba nomsebenzi othize olawulayo.
1. I-lobe yangaphambili
I-frontal lobe itholakala ngaphambili kwekhanda futhi ivame ukuhlotshaniswa nemisebenzi "yokuphatha", okungukuthi ikhono lokuhlela izenzo ngamabomu nangendlela eqondile. Eminye imisebenzi ebalulekile ye-frontal lobe ihlanganisa:
- Ukwenza izinqumo nokuxazulula izinkinga
- Ukuhlela nokubeka imigomo
- Ukulawula imizwa kanye nezifiso
- Ubuntu kanye nokuziphatha komphakathi
– Indawo eyinhloko yokunyakaza, elawula ukunyakaza okuzithandela kwemisipha yamathambo
– Indawo kaBroca (eningi labantu abatholakala engxenyeni engakwesobunxele yezwe), idlala indima ekukhiqizweni kwenkulumo.
Ukulimala kwe-frontal lobe kungabangela izinguquko zobuntu, ubunzima bokuhlela, ukuphazamiseka kokulawula ngokomzwelo, kanye nobuthakathaka bokunyakaza ezinhlangothini ezithile zomzimba.
2. I-lobe ye-parietal
I-parietal lobe itholakala engxenyeni ephezulu nephakathi yobuchopho. Umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko uhlobene nokucubungula izinto ezishukumisayo ze-somatosensory, njengokuthinta, ukucindezela, ubuhlungu, kanye nokushisa. Iqukethe indawo eyinhloko yenzwa ethola ulwazi oluvela esikhumbeni, emisipheni, nasemalungeni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-lobe ye-parietal nayo ibalulekile ku:
- Ukuqondiswa kwendawo kanye nokuqwashisa ngesimo somzimba (ukuqonda indawo)
- Ukuhlanganiswa kolwazi lwezinzwa ukuze kubonwe izinto ngokuthinta
- Amakhono okubala kanye nezici ezithile zolimi (ikakhulukazi enkabeni ebusayo)
Ukuphazamiseka kwe-parietal lobe kungabangela ubunzima bokubona izingxenye zomzimba, izinkinga zokuhamba esikhaleni, noma ubunzima bokufunda nokubhala.
3. I-lobe yesikhashana
Ama-lobes esikhashana atholakala ezinhlangothini zesobunxele nakwesokudla zekhanda, eduze kwezindlebe. Adlala indima enkulu kulokhu:
– Ukucubungula izindlebe (indawo eyinhloko yokuzwa)
– Ukuqonda ulimi (kufaka phakathi indawo kaWernicke endaweni ebusayo)
- Inkumbulo nokufunda (okuhlobene kakhulu ne-hippocampus)
- Ukucubungula imizwa, ikakhulukazi leyo ehlobene nokuhlangenwe nakho nezinkumbulo
Ukulimala kwe-temporal lobe kungabangela ukukhubazeka kwenkumbulo, ubunzima bokuqonda ulimi, noma izinguquko ezithile ngokomzwelo.
4. I-Occipital lobe
I-occipital lobe itholakala ngemuva kwekhanda. Yisikhungo esiyinhloko sokucubungula okubonakalayo. Ulwazi oluvela ku-retina luthunyelwa ku-visual cortex ku-occipital lobe ukuze luhunyushwe lube izithombe ezinengqondo.
Imisebenzi ye-occipital lobe ihlanganisa:
- Ithola ukuma, umbala, ukunyakaza, kanye nokujula
- Ukuhlanganisa ulwazi olubonakalayo nolwazi lwangaphambilini ukuze sikwazi ukubona izinto nobuso
Ukuphazamiseka ku-occipital lobe kungabangela izinkinga zokubona, njengokulahlekelwa ingxenye yensimu yokubona noma ubunzima bokubona izinto.
Ukubusa kwe-hemisphere kwesobunxele nakwesokudla
Nakuba womabili ama-hemispheres obuchopho esebenza ndawonye, kunomqondo wokusebenza kwe-lateralization, okuwukuthambekela kwemisebenzi ethile ukuba ibuse kakhulu ku-hemisphere eyodwa. Kubantu abaningi:
– Ingxenye yesobunxele inamandla olimi, ukucabanga kanye nokuhlaziya.
– I-hemisphere yesokudla igqame kakhulu ekuboneni indawo, ubuhlakani bokubona, kanye nokuqashelwa kwamaphethini.
Nokho, lokhu kubusa akuphelele. Amakhono amaningi, njengokunaka, imizwa, kanye nobuciko, ahilela umsebenzi ohlangene wezingxenye zombili zomzimba.
Imisebenzi eyinhloko yobuchopho empilweni yansuku zonke
Ngamafuphi, i-cerebrum inemisebenzi eminingana emikhulu engokoqobo emisebenzini yabantu:
1. Ukuqaphela nokuqonda
Ubuchopho busenza sikwazi ukuzazi thina kanye nendawo esikuyo, sicabange ngokujulile, futhi sakhe imiqondo engaqondakali.
2. Ukulawula ukunyakaza okuqondile
Uma sihamba, sibhala, sithayipha, noma siphakamisa izandla zethu, i-motor cortex ese-frontal lobe ithumela imiyalo yokunyakaza emisipheni ngezindlela ze-neural.
3. Ukucubungula izinzwa
Ubuchopho buchaza izimpawu ezivela ezinzwa ezinhlanu kanye nezinhlelo zomzimba ukuze sikwazi ukuzwa ukuthinta, ukubona, ukuzwa, nokuqonda lezi zikhuthazo.
4. Ulimi nokuxhumana
Ukukhuluma, ukufunda, ukubhala, nokuqonda ingxoxo kuwumphumela womsebenzi oyinkimbinkimbi wezindawo eziningana ku-cortex, ikakhulukazi engxenyeni eyinhloko yezwe.
5. Inkumbulo nokufunda
Ukwakheka kwezinkumbulo zesikhathi eside kuhilela ukusebenzisana kwe-cortex ne-hippocampus kanye nesistimu ye-limbic.
6. Imizwa nokuziphatha komphakathi
Izimpendulo zemizwa aziveli nje kuphela “emizweni”, kodwa futhi zivela ekuchazeni kobuchopho izimo, izindinganiso zomphakathi, kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwangaphambilini.
I-Penutup
I-cerebrum iyisikhungo sokulawula esiyinhloko esenza abantu bakwazi ukucabanga, ukuzwa, ukunyakaza, nokusebenzisana ngezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi. Isakhiwo se-cerebrum, esakhiwe yi-cerebral cortex, i-white matter, kanye nezakhiwo ezahlukahlukene ze-subcortical, senza kube nokwakheka kwenethiwekhi enkulu yokuxhumana kwe-neural. Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-cerebrum kube yi-frontal, parietal, temporal, kanye ne-occipital lobes kusisiza siqonde ukuthi imisebenzi ebalulekile efana nolimi, umbono, ukuzwa, inkumbulo, kanye nokwenza izinqumo yenziwa kanjani. Ngokuqonda isakhiwo kanye nomsebenzi we-cerebrum, singaqonda kangcono ukubaluleka kokugcina impilo yobuchopho ngendlela yokuphila enempilo, ukulala ngokwanele, ukudla okunempilo, kanye nokukhuthaza okuhle kwengqondo.
