Umphumela we-Nicotine ohlelweni lwenhliziyo
I-Nicotine iyinhlanganisela ye-alkaloid eyaziwa kakhulu njengesakhi esiyinhloko sokulutha emikhiqizweni kagwayi efana nogwayi, ugwayi, kanye nogwayi ohlafunwayo, kanye nemikhiqizo ehlukahlukene ehlukile efana nogwayi we-e (vapes) kanye nokwelashwa kokushintsha kwe-nicotine (NRT). Nakuba kuvame ukuxoxwa ngakho ngokuyinhloko ngemiphumela yayo yokulutha, i-nicotine nayo inemiphumela ebalulekile yomzimba emzimbeni—ikakhulukazi ohlelweni lwenhliziyo, oluhlanganisa inhliziyo nemithambo yegazi. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuthi i-nicotine isebenza kanjani emzimbeni, izinguquko ezibangela inhliziyo nemithambo yegazi, kanye nemiphumela yezempilo yesikhathi esifushane neside.
I-Nicotine nokuthi isebenza kanjani emzimbeni
Ngemva kokuhogela ngentuthu kagwayi noma i-vape aerosol, i-nicotine imuncwa ngokushesha ngamaphaphu futhi ingene egazini. Ngemizuzwana embalwa, i-nicotine ifinyelela ebuchosheni futhi ibophe kuma-receptor e-nicotinic acetylcholine. Lokhu kubopha kubangela ukukhululwa kwama-neurotransmitter amaningana, okuhlanganisa i-dopamine (ethuthukisa imizwa "yenjabulo" futhi iholele ekuluthekeni), kanye nokusebenza kwesistimu yezinzwa enozwela—ingxenye yesistimu yezinzwa ezizimele ebhekene nempendulo "yokulwa noma yokubaleka".
Ukusebenza kwesimiso sezinzwa esinozwela kwandisa ukukhishwa kwama-catecholamine afana ne-adrenaline kanye ne-noradrenaline. Yilapho imiphumela eminingi ye-nicotine ohlelweni lwezinhliziyo iqala khona: ukwanda kwesilinganiso senhliziyo, ukwanda komfutho wegazi, ukuminyana kwemithambo yegazi, kanye nokwanda komsebenzi wenhliziyo.
Imiphumela emibi ye-nicotine enhliziyweni
Esikhathini esifushane, i-nicotine ibangela ukwanda kwesilinganiso senhliziyo (i-tachycardia) kanye nokufinyela kwenhliziyo (amandla okushaya kwenhliziyo). Lo mphumela wenza inhliziyo isebenze kanzima ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zomzimba, yize lezi zidingo zingakhuphuki njalo. Ngenxa yalokho, isidingo senhliziyo somoya-mpilo (isidingo se-myocardial oxygen) naso siyanda.
Izinkinga ziyavela lapho isidingo somoya-mpilo sanda kodwa ukunikezwa kwemisipha yenhliziyo kwehla. I-Nicotine ingabangela ukuvaleka kwemithambo yegazi, ukuncipha kwemithambo yegazi, okuhlanganisa nemithambo yenhliziyo enikeza umoya-mpilo enhliziyweni. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kokwanda kwesidingo kanye nokuncipha kokunikezwa kungabangela ubuhlungu besifuba (i-angina) kubantu abanesifo senhliziyo esivele sikhona futhi kungase kwandise ingozi yezehlakalo ezinkulu emaqenjini asengozini.
I-Nicotine kanye nomfutho wegazi
I-Nicotine yaziwa ngokwandisa umfutho wegazi ngezindlela eziningana:
1. Ukuvuselelwa kwemizwa okunozwela: ukukhishwa kwe-adrenaline kwandisa ukumelana kwemithambo yegazi.
2. Ukuvaleka kwemithambo yegazi ngokuqondile: imithambo yegazi imincane ukuze ingcindezi ikhuphuke.
3. Izinguquko ekulawulweni kwemithambo yegazi: i-nicotine ingaphazamisa ukusebenza kwe-endothelial, ulwelwesi lwangaphakathi lwemithambo yegazi oludlala indima ekulawuleni ukuvuleka nokucinana.
Kubasebenzisi abavamile, imiphumela yokwanda komfutho wegazi ingenzeka ngokuphindaphindiwe phakathi nosuku, kuye ngokuthi umuntu uyisebenzisa kanjani. Lokhu kunyuka okuphindaphindiwe komfutho wegazi kubeka ukucindezeleka okungapheli ezindongeni zemithambo yegazi, kusheshise ukulimala kwemithambo yegazi, futhi kwandisa ingozi yomfutho wegazi ophakeme kwabanye abantu.
Ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-endothelial kanye ne-atherosclerosis
I-endothelium iwungqimba oluncane oluhlanganisa ingaphakathi lemithambo yegazi. Ikhiqiza izinto ezifana ne-nitric oxide (NO), esiza imithambo yegazi ukuthi iphumule futhi igcine ukuhamba kwegazi kubushelelezi. I-Nicotine kanye nokuchayeka emikhiqizweni kagwayi kunganciphisa ukutholakala kwegazi okungaphelele, okuholela ekungasebenzi kahle kwe-endothelial. Ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-endothelial kungenye yezigaba zokuqala zokuthuthukiswa kwe-atherosclerosis—ukunqwabelana kwe-fat plaque kanye nokuvuvukala ezindongeni zemithambo yegazi.
Nakuba ezinye izingxenye ezikugwayi kagwayi (isib. i-carbon monoxide, i-tar, kanye nama-oxidants ahlukahlukene) zidlala indima ebalulekile ekusheshiseni i-atherosclerosis, i-nicotine isacatshangwa ukuthi inegalelo ekwandeni kokucindezeleka kwe-oxidative, ukuvuvukala, kanye noshintsho emithanjeni yegazi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, i-atherosclerosis ingaholela esifweni senhliziyo, isifo sohlangothi, kanye nesifo semithambo yegazi.
Umphumela we-nicotine ekuqineni kwegazi
Uhlelo lwenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi alugcini nje ngokuphathelene nephampu yenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi, kodwa futhi luphathelene "nokuqina" kanye nokuthambekela kwegazi ekujiyeni. I-Nicotine ingandisa ukusebenza kweplatelet, ingxenye yegazi ebangela ukujiya. Ukwanda kokusebenza kweplatelet kungenza ukujiya kwegazi (thrombi) kube nokwenzeka kakhulu, ikakhulukazi uma izindonga zemithambo yegazi sezivele zithintekile yi-atherosclerotic plaque.
Kulesi simo, ukugoba kwegazi kungavimba umthambo wenhliziyo futhi kubangele ukuhlaselwa yinhliziyo, noma kuvimbele umthambo wegazi ebuchosheni futhi kubangele isifo sohlangothi. Ingozi yalezi zenzakalo ezibucayi iyanda uma kukhona ezinye izici, njengomfutho wegazi ophakeme, isifo sikashukela, i-cholesterol ephezulu, kanye nomlando womndeni wesifo senhliziyo.
Izinkinga ze-arrhythmia kanye ne-cardiac rhythm
Ngenxa yokuthi ithinta uhlelo lwezinzwa oluzimele, i-nicotine ingabangela izinguquko esigqini senhliziyo. Ukwanda kwethoni yozwelo kungandisa ukuthambekela kokuzwa ukushaya kwenhliziyo futhi, kwabanye abantu abasengozini, kungabangela ukungasebenzi kahle kwesigqi. Nakuba kungebona bonke abasebenzisi abazobhekana nokuphazamiseka kwesigqi okubalulekile emtholampilo, ezigulini ezinesifo senhliziyo, ukuphazamiseka kwe-electrolyte, noma ukuthambekela kokungasebenzi kahle kwesigqi, ukukhuthazwa kwe-nicotine kungaba yinto eyengeziwe ebangela ukungasebenzi kahle kwesigqi.
I-Nicotine, ugwayi kagesi, kanye nemikhiqizo yokufaka esikhundleni se-nicotine
Kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa i-nicotine njengento eyodwa nemiphumela yogwayi ovamile iyonke. Intuthu kagwayi iqukethe izinkulungwane zamakhemikhali, amaningi awo anobuthi futhi abangela umdlavuza, ngakho-ke umonakalo wenhliziyo nobuchopho obangelwa ukubhema awubangelwa yi-nicotine kuphela. Kodwa-ke, imikhiqizo ehlukile isaphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile.
– Ugwayi kagesi (ama-vape): ngokuvamile uletha i-nicotine ngaphandle kokushisa ugwayi, okuholela ekuchayekeni okuncane ku-carbon monoxide kanye ne-tar. Kodwa-ke, i-nicotine kuma-vape isengakhuphula izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo kanye nomfutho wegazi, kanti i-aerosol ingathwala izinto ezicasulayo noma izinhlayiya ezincane ezingalimaza imithambo yegazi.
– I-NRT (i-nicotine gum, ama-patches, ama-lozenge): yenzelwe ukuletha umthamo ozinzile we-nicotine oneziqongo eziphansi kunogwayi. Ngokuvamile, i-NRT ibhekwa njengephephile kunokubhema, ikakhulukazi njengosizo lokuyeka ukubhema. Kodwa-ke, kubantu abanezinkinga ezithile zenhliziyo, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kufanele kusaqashwe uchwepheshe wezempilo.
Umthelela ezifweni zenhliziyo kubantu
Ngokwe-epidemiological, ukubhema kuhlotshaniswa kakhulu nengozi ekhulayo yesifo senhliziyo, isifo sohlangothi, kanye nesifo semithambo yegazi engaphandle. I-Nicotine idlala indima enkulu emiphumeleni ye-hemodynamic (isilinganiso segazi kanye nomfutho wegazi), umsebenzi owengeziwe wokuzwela, futhi mhlawumbe ithonya ama-platelet kanye ne-endothelium. Kodwa-ke, yimiphumela ehlanganisiwe yobuthi obuhlukahlukene bukagwayi eyenza ukubhema kube yingozi kakhulu enhliziyweni nasemithanjeni yegazi.
Okuphinde kufanele kugcizelelwe umphumela "womthamo kanye nobude besikhathi". Ukuchayeka kwe-nicotine okuqhubekayo eminyakeni eminingi—ikakhulukazi uma kuhlanganiswa nezinye izingxenye zikagwayi—kunomthelela oqongelelekayo emithanjeni yegazi. Ingozi iyanda ngenani likagwayi olubhenywayo ngosuku kanye nobude besikhathi sokubhema.
Isiphetho
I-Nicotine ithinta uhlelo lwenhliziyo nokusebenza kwesistimu yezinzwa enozwela, okwandisa izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo kanye nomfutho wegazi, kubangele ukuvaleka kwemithambo yegazi, kwandise isidingo se-oxygen senhliziyo, futhi kungaba nomthelela ekungasebenzi kahle kwe-endothelial, ukusebenza kwe-platelet, kanye nokuphazamiseka kwenhliziyo. Nakuba i-nicotine ingeyona yodwa ebangela umonakalo wenhliziyo kubantu ababhemayo, le nhlanganisela isenemiphumela ebalulekile yangempela, ikakhulukazi kubantu abanezici eziyingozi noma isifo senhliziyo esivele sikhona.
Indlela engcono kakhulu yokuvikela impilo yenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi ukugwema ukuchayeka emikhiqizweni kagwayi. Kulabo abafuna ukuyeka, amasu anjengokwelulekwa, ukwesekwa kokuziphatha, kanye, uma kudingeka, ukwelashwa kokufaka i-nicotine noma imithi ethile kungaba usizo—okungcono kakhulu ngokusekelwa uchwepheshe wezempilo, ikakhulukazi uma kunomlando wesifo senhliziyo.
Uma ungathanda, ngingahlela lesi sihloko ngokwezidingo zakho ezithile—isibonelo, isitayela esithandwa kakhulu samabhulogi, inguqulo yezemfundo enezingcaphuno, noma ukugxila okukhethekile ekuphepheni nge-vaping uma kuqhathaniswa nogwayi ovamile.
