Kungani Amanzi Ebalulekile Emsebenzini Weseli
Amanzi avame ukuthathwa kalula ngoba atholakala kalula nxazonke zethu. Kodwa-ke, ezingeni lezinto eziphilayo, amanzi ayisisekelo sokuphila. Cishe yonke impendulo emzimbeni—ikakhulukazi ngaphakathi kwamaseli—incike emanzini. Amaseli, njengamayunithi amancane kakhulu ezinto eziphilayo, adinga indawo ezinzile ukuze asebenze: ukukhiqiza amandla, ukususa imfucuza, ukuzilungisa, nokuxhumana namanye amaseli. Zonke lezi zinqubo bezingeke zisebenze kahle ngaphandle kwamanzi.
Amanzi njengengxenye eyinhloko yamaseli
Amaseli amaningi akhiwe ngamanzi. Kubantu, isilinganiso samanzi emzimbeni sisukela ku-50-70%, kuye ngobudala, ubulili, kanye nokwakheka komzimba. Ngaphakathi kweseli uqobo, amanzi abusa i-cytoplasm, "indawo yokusebenza" lapho kuhlala khona ama-organelles nalapho kwenzeka khona ukusabela okuningi kwamakhemikhali. Ngakho-ke, lapho amazinga amanzi ehla, amaseli abhekana noshintsho kuvolumu, ingcindezi, kanye nezimo zamakhemikhali ezithinta ngqo ukusebenza kwawo.
Amanzi nawo ayasiza ekugcineni isimo seseli. I-membrane yeseli ayingeni, okusho ukuthi ilawula ukunyakaza kwamanzi kanye ne-solutes. Ukunyakaza kwamanzi nge-osmosis kugcina ibhalansi yokucindezela ngaphakathi nangaphandle kweseli. Uma indawo ezungezile "iminyene" kakhulu (ukuhlushwa okuphezulu kwe-solute), amanzi azophuma eseli futhi azoncipha. Uma inciphile kakhulu, amanzi amaningi azongena, futhi iseli lingavuvukala futhi liqhume ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, amanzi adlala indima enkulu ekugcineni ukuzinza kwesakhiwo samaseli.
Isinyibilikisi esiyinhloko sokusabela kwamakhemikhali
Amanzi aziwa njenge-solvent ebanzi ngoba angancibilikisa izinto eziningi, ikakhulukazi lezo ezi-polar kanye ne-ionic. Uma kukhulunywa ngamaseli, leli khono libalulekile. Izakhamzimba ezifana ne-glucose, ama-amino acid, amaminerali, kanye namanye ama-molecule ahlukahlukene kumele zibe sesimweni esincibilikisiwe ukuze zisetshenziswe ekusabeleni kwe-metabolic.
Ama-enzyme—amaprotheni asheshisa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali—asebenza kahle endaweni enamanzi. Ngaphandle kwamanzi, ama-molecule ayazabalaza ukuhlangana, ukuhamba, futhi ukusabela kwehla kakhulu. Amanzi avumela izinto ukuthi zisabalale ngokulinganayo kulo lonke i-cytoplasm, okwenza ukusabela kweketanga njenge-glycolysis (ukuwohloka kwe-glucose) kanye nezinqubo ezahlukahlukene zokwenziwa kwamaprotheni, amafutha, kanye ne-nucleic acid.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanzi asiza ukugcina i-pH, izinga le-acidity elinquma umsebenzi we-enzyme. Ukusabela okuningi kwamaseli kungenzeka kuphela ngaphakathi kobubanzi be-pH ethile. Izinhlelo ze-buffer ezisebenza ezixazululweni zamanzi zivumela amaseli ukuthi alondoloze i-pH ezinzile.
Imidiya yokuthutha ngaphakathi naphakathi kwamaseli
Amaseli awasebenzi ewodwa. Ahlala eshintshana ngezinto nendawo ezikuyo. Amanzi ayindlela eyinhloko yokuthutha, kokubili ngaphakathi kwamaseli (ngaphakathi kwamangqamuzana) naphakathi kwamaseli (ngaphandle kwamangqamuzana). Ngaphakathi kwe-cytoplasm, ama-molecule ahamba ngokusabalala kanye nokugeleza kwe-cytoplasm, okwenzeka ezimweni zamanzi. Ngaphandle kwamanzi anele, ukusabalala kuyahamba kancane, okwenza ukusatshalaliswa kwezakhamzimba kanye nezimpawu kungasebenzi kahle.
Ezingeni lomzimba, amanzi ayisici esiyinhloko segazi kanye ne-lymph. Izakhamzimba, umoya-mpilo, ama-hormone, kanye nemikhiqizo yokungcola kwe-metabolic kuthuthwa ngalezi zinhlayiya, bese kungena futhi kuphume emangqamuzaneni. Uma umzimba uphelelwe amanzi emzimbeni, umthamo wegazi ungancipha, ukujikeleza kwegazi kuyehla, futhi ukulethwa komoya-mpilo kanye nezakhamzimba emangqamuzaneni akukuhle. Ngenxa yalokho, ukusebenza kwamaseli kuyehla futhi umzimba uzizwe ubuthakathaka.
Amanzi adlala indima ekukhiqizweni kwamandla
Amandla eseli avela ngokuyinhloko ku-ATP (i-adenosine triphosphate). Inqubo yokwakheka kwe-ATP ihilela izinyathelo eziningi futhi idinga indawo enamanzi. Isibonelo, ekuphefumuleni kwamaseli, uchungechunge lwezimpendulo ku-mitochondria ludinga ukudluliselwa kwama-ion e-hydrogen (ama-proton) namanye ama-molecule endaweni yoketshezi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanzi ahileleke ngqo ekusebenzelaneni kwamakhemikhali amaningana. Ekwenzeni kwe-hydrolysis, amanzi asetshenziselwa ukuphula ama-molecule amakhulu abe amancane. Isibonelo, ukuqhekeka kwe-ATP ku-ADP ukuze kukhishwe amandla kungenye yezindlela ezinjalo ezidinga amanzi. Ngaphandle kwamanzi anele, lezi zindlela ziyaphazamiseka, ziphuce amaseli amandla adinga ukusebenza.
Ukugcina izinga lokushisa elizinzile kanye nezimo zangaphakathi
Kumaseli, izinguquko ezinkulu zokushisa zingalimaza izakhiwo zamaprotheni kanye nama-membrane. Amanzi anamandla okushisa aphezulu, okusho ukuthi angamunca ukushisa ngaphandle kokushintsha izinga lokushisa ngokushesha. Lokhu kusiza umzimba namaseli ukuthi agcine izinga lokushisa elizinzile. Lapho izinga lokushisa lomzimba likhuphuka, amanzi nawo adlala indima ngokujuluka, okuphumayo futhi kusize ekupholeni.
Ukuzinza kwezinga lokushisa akukhona nje induduzo; kuthinta nokuqhubeka kokusabela kwamakhemikhali. Ama-enzyme azwela kakhulu ekushiseni. Uma eshisa kakhulu, angawohloka (awohloke); uma ebanda kakhulu, ukusabela kungaba kancane kakhulu. Amanzi asiza ekugcineni izimo zangaphakathi ezisekela umsebenzi wama-enzyme kanye nokusabela kwe-metabolic.
Kusiza ukususa imfucuza ye-metabolic
Iseli ngalinye likhiqiza imfucuza. Eminye yale mfucuza iyaqoqana futhi inobuthi, njenge-ammonia, eguqulwa ibe yi-urea esibindini. Amanzi asiza ekuncibilikiseni nasekuthutheni le mfucuza ukuze ikhishwe ngomchamo, ukujuluka, noma uhlelo lokugaya ukudla.
Ezingeni lamaseli, ukuba khona kwamanzi kuqinisekisa ukuthi imfucuza ingaphuma emaselini iye oketshezini oluphakathi kwamaseli, lapho ithuthwa khona yigazi. Lapho umzimba uphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni, umthamo womchamo uyancipha, ukugcwala kwemfucuza kuyanda, futhi inqubo yokukhipha iba nzima kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, ibhalansi yangaphakathi yamaseli ingaphazamiseka.
Ukuxhumana kwamanzi kanye namangqamuzana
Amaseli omzimba axhumana ngezibonakaliso zamakhemikhali ezifana nama-hormone nama-neurotransmitter. Eziningi zalezi zibonakaliso zihamba ngoketshezi. Amanzi ahlinzeka ngendawo lapho lezi zinto ezibonisa izimpawu zincibilika khona, zihambe, futhi zifinyelele khona izinhloso zazo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ibhalansi yama-ion njenge-sodium (Na+, i-potassium (K+, i-calcium (Ca2+, kanye ne-chloride (Cl-) esixazululweni samanzi inquma kakhulu ukudluliselwa kwezibonakaliso zikagesi, ikakhulukazi kumaseli ezinzwa kanye nemisipha.
Uma amazinga amanzi nama-electrolyte engalingani, ukuxhumana phakathi kwamaseli kungaphazamiseka. Umthelela ungabonakala ezimpawu ezifana nokuqaqamba kwemisipha, isiyezi, ukukhathala, noma ubunzima bokugxilisa ingqondo. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi amanzi awagcini nje ngokuba "ukugcwalisa isikhala" emzimbeni, kodwa ayingxenye esebenzayo yesistimu yokuxhumana yezinto eziphilayo.
Kwenzekani emaseli uma entula amanzi?
Ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni kunciphisa uketshezi lomzimba, okubangela ukuba amangqamuzana alahlekelwe umthamo futhi kushintshe indawo yawo yamakhemikhali. Ukusabela kwe-metabolic kuyehla, ukulethwa kwezakhamzimba kuyaphazamiseka, futhi ukulahlwa kwemfucuza akusebenzi. Ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni okuncane kungabangela ukukhathala, ikhanda elibuhlungu, kanye nokuncipha kokugxila. Ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni okukhulu kungaphazamisa ukusebenza kwezitho zomzimba, kwehlise umfutho wegazi, futhi kwandise ukucindezeleka kwe-oxidative kumaseli.
Ukugcina ibhalansi yamanzi kuyinto eza kuqala emzimbeni. Ngakho-ke, lapho amazinga amanzi ehla, umzimba ubangela ukoma, wehlise ukukhiqizwa komchamo, futhi ulawule ama-hormone afana ne-ADH (i-antidiuretic hormone) ukuze agcine amanzi ezinso. Le ndlela ihlose ukugcina indawo efanelekile yokusebenza kwamaseli.
I-Penutup
Amanzi ayisici esibaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwamaseli, esebenza njengengxenye eyinhloko yamaseli, isinyibilikisi sokusabela kwamakhemikhali, indawo yokuthutha, umsekeli wokukhiqizwa kwamandla, umlawuli wokushisa, umthuthi wemfucuza, kanye nendawo yokuxhumana phakathi kwamaseli. Ngaphandle kwamanzi, amaseli awakwazi ukugcina isimo sawo, ukwenza i-metabolism, noma ukuzivumelanisa nezinguquko zemvelo. Ngenxa yokuthi amaseli ayizakhi zokwakha zonke izicubu nezitho zomzimba, ukugcina amanzi anele kusho ukugcina umsebenzi womzimba wonke.
Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amanzi anele emzimbeni akudingeki kube nzima: phuza njalo, unake umbala womchamo, futhi ulungise uketshezi oluthathwayo ngesikhathi sezulu esishisayo noma umsebenzi owandisiwe. Ngale ndlela, amangqamuzana omzimba wakho asesimweni esihle kakhulu sokwenza imisebenzi yawo, futhi impilo yakho iyonke igcinwa kangcono.
