Indlela Yokusebenza Kwama-Antibiotic Ekubhubhiseni Amabhaktheriya
Ama-antibiotic angenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ezitholakale emlandweni wezokwelapha zanamuhla. Le mithi isetshenziselwa ukwelapha izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zithinta isikhumba, umgudu wokuphefumula, umgudu womchamo, noma ezinye izitho zomzimba. Nakuba ngokuvamile ibizwa ngokuthi "ama-germkillers," ama-antibiotic awasebenzi ngendlela efanayo kuwo wonke amagciwane, futhi awasebenzi kahle ekulweni nezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane njenge-influenza noma i-COVID-19. Ukuze siqonde ukuthi kungani ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic kubalulekile, sidinga ukuqonda ukuthi ama-antibiotic asebenza kanjani ukubhubhisa amagciwane.
Ama-antibiotic: abulala noma avimbele amagciwane
Ngokuvamile, ama-antibiotic asebenza ngezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko. Okokuqala, abulala amagciwane, okusho ukuthi abulala amagciwane ngqo. Okwesibili, adala amagciwane, okusho ukuthi avimbela ukukhula nokuzala kwamagciwane, okuvumela amasosha omzimba isikhathi sokususa ukutheleleka. Lo mehluko ubalulekile ngoba kwezinye izimo (njengokutheleleka okukhulu noma iziguli ezinezinhlelo zokuzivikela ezibuthakathaka), ama-antibiotic abulala amagciwane avame ukukhethwa ukuze aqede ngokushesha amagciwane.
Kodwa-ke, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi hlobo luni lwesigaba, ama-antibiotic asebenza kuphela ngokuthola "indawo ebuthakathaka" yamabhaktheriya. Leli phuzu elibuthakathaka ngokuvamile liyisakhiwo noma inqubo yezinto eziphilayo eyingqayizivele kuma-bacteria futhi engekho emangqamuzaneni abantu. Yingakho ama-antibiotic engahlasela amabhaktheriya ngaphandle kokulimaza kakhulu amaseli omzimba.
1. Kuvimbela ukwakheka kwezindonga zamaseli ebhaktheriya
Enye yezinhloso ezithandwa kakhulu zama-antibiotic udonga lwamaseli ebhaktheriya. Amabhaktheriya amaningi anezindonga zamaseli ezakhiwe yi-peptidoglycan, isakhiwo esifana ne-mesh esinikeza ukuma namandla. Amaseli abantu awanazo izindonga zamaseli, okwenza lokhu kuhloswe kuqondene nama-bacteria.
Ama-antibiotic afana nama-penicillin, ama-cephalosporins, ama-carbapenems, nama-monobactam ayingxenye yeqembu le-beta-lactam. Asebenza ngokuvimbela i-enzyme ebangela ukwakha izixhumanisi eziwela ku-peptidoglycan. Lokhu kwenza buthaka udonga lweseli futhi kungabangela ukuthi amabhaktheriya aqhume (i-lysis), ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokukhula nokuhlukana.
Ngaphandle kwama-beta-lactam, kukhona nama-glycopeptide afana ne-vancomycin asebenza ngendlela ehlukile: abopha ingxenye ye-peptidoglycan, aphazamise ukuhlanganiswa kodonga lweseli. Le ndlela isebenza kahle kakhulu ngokumelene namagciwane ane-Gram-positive.
2. Kulimaza ulwelwesi lwamaseli ebhaktheriya
Inhloso elandelayo ulwelwesi lweseli, ungqimba olugcina ibhalansi yokuqukethwe kweseli. Uma ulwelwesi lonakele, izingxenye ezibalulekile ngaphakathi kweseli ziyavuza, futhi amabhaktheriya awakwazi ukusinda.
Izibonelo zama-antibiotic avuselela ulwelwesi zihlanganisa ama-polymyxin (isb., i-colistin), avame ukusetshenziswa ngokumelene namagciwane athile amelana ne-Gram-negative. Ama-polymyxin asebenzisana nezingxenye zolwelwesi lwangaphandle kanye nolwelwesi lwe-cytoplasmic, okubangela ukuvuza. I-Daptomycin ingalimaza futhi ulwelwesi lweseli lwamagciwane anesifo se-Gram ngokubangela i-membrane depolarization, ngaleyo ndlela imise ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kwamagciwane.
Ngenxa yokuthi ulwelwesi lwamaseli lukhona nakubantu, lolu hlobo lwe-antibiotic luvame ukuba nengozi enkulu yemiphumela emibi futhi ludinga ukuqaphela okwengeziwe ekusetshenzisweni kwalo.
3. Kuvimbela ukwakheka kwamaprotheni ebhaktheriya
Amabhaktheriya adinga amaprotheni ukuze asinde, akhule, alungise umonakalo, futhi enze imisebenzi ehlukahlukene yokugaya ukudla. Amaphrotheni enziwa yimishini ebizwa ngokuthi ama-ribosome. Ama-ribosome amabhaktheriya ahlukile ngokwesakhiwo kuma-ribosome abantu, okuvumela ama-antibiotic ukuthi awahlasele ngokukhetha.
Amanye amaqembu ama-antibiotic avimbela ukwakheka kwamaprotheni afaka:
– Ama-Aminoglycosides (isib., i-gentamicin, i-amikacin): aphazamisa ukufundwa kwekhodi yezakhi zofuzo, okubangela ukuthi amabhaktheriya akhiqize amaprotheni anephutha. Ama-aminoglycoside amaningi ayabulala amagciwane.
– I-Tetracycline (isib. i-doxycycline): ivimbela ukungena “kwezinto zokusetshenziswa” zokwakheka kwamaprotheni kuma-ribosome, ngaleyo ndlela kumise ukukhiqizwa kwamaprotheni.
– Ama-Macrolide (isib. i-erythromycin, i-azithromycin): avimbela ukunyakaza kwe-ribosome ku-mRNA, amise inqubo yokwandiswa kwe-protein chain.
– I-Chloramphenicol kanye ne-lincosamides (isb., i-clindamycin): iphazamisa ukwakheka kwesibopho se-peptide noma ezinye izinyathelo ezibalulekile ekuhlanganisweni kwamaprotheni.
Uma amaprotheni abalulekile engakhiwa, amabhaktheriya awakwazi ukukhula noma ukufa kuye ngohlobo lwe-antibiotic kanye nesimo sokutheleleka.
4. Ivimbela ukwakheka kwe-DNA ne-RNA
Izinto zofuzo zamagciwane, okungukuthi i-DNA ne-RNA, ziyindawo yokulawula eyinhloko yokuphila kwamagciwane. Amanye ama-antibiotic ahlose izinqubo zokuphindaphinda kwe-DNA (ukuphindaphinda) noma ukubhalwa kwe-RNA (ukwenza amakhophi olwazi lwezakhi zofuzo ukuze kukhiqizwe amaprotheni).
Ama-Fluoroquinolones (isb., i-ciprofloxacin, i-levofloxacin) avimbela i-enzyme i-DNA gyrase, noma i-topoisomerase, edingekayo ukuze kuqalwe futhi kubuyiselwe emuva i-DNA ngesikhathi sokuphindaphinda. Uma le nqubo iphazamiseka, amabhaktheriya awakwazi ukuhlukana futhi ekugcineni afe.
Okwamanje, i-rifampin ivimbela i-enzyme ye-RNA polymerase yamagciwane, ivimbele amabhaktheriya ekukhiqizeni i-RNA. Lo muthi ubalulekile ekwelapheni isifo sofuba ngoba uvimbela amabhaktheriya ekukhiqizeni izingxenye ezibalulekile.
5. Iphazamisa i-folate metabolism (i-antimetabolite)
Amabhaktheriya adinga i-folate ukuze akhe i-DNA kanye nezinye izakhi eziningana ezibalulekile. Ngokuthakazelisayo, abantu bathola i-folate ekudleni, kuyilapho amabhaktheriya amaningi kumele akhiqize i-folate yawo. Lo mehluko udala ithuba lokusebenzisa ama-antibiotic.
Isibonelo inhlanganisela ye-trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. I-Sulfamethoxazole ivimbela isinyathelo sokuqala ekwakhekeni kwe-folate, kuyilapho i-trimethoprim ivimbela isinyathelo esilandelayo. Ngokuvimba zombili izinyathelo ngasikhathi sinye, ukukhiqizwa kwe-folate kuncipha kakhulu, amabhaktheriya awanazo izinto zokusetshenziswa zokwenziwa kwe-DNA, futhi ukukhula kwawo kuyamiswa noma afe.
Kungani ama-antibiotic engasebenzi ngaso sonke isikhathi?
Nakuba ama-antibiotic enezindlela ezisebenzayo, kunezimo lapho ehluleka khona ukubulala amagciwane. Esinye sezimbangela ezinkulu ukumelana nama-antibiotic. Ukumelana kwenzeka lapho amagciwane eshintsha aze afike ezingeni lapho ama-antibiotic engasasebenzi. Izindlela ziyahlukahluka, isibonelo:
1. Khiqiza ama-enzyme abhubhisa ama-antibiotic, njenge-beta-lactamase ebhubhisa indandatho ye-beta-lactam ku-penicillin.
2. Ukushintsha okuhlosiwe yi-antibiotic, ukuze umuthi ungakwazi ukunamathela noma ukusebenza.
3. Kunciphisa ukungena kwama-antibiotic ngokushintsha ama-pores e-membrane kumagciwane angenayo i-Gram.
4. Ukupompa ama-antibiotic ngepompo yokukhipha amanzi, ukuze ukugcwala komuthi ebhaktheriya kunganeli ukuwubulala.
5. Kwakha i-biofilm, ungqimba oluvikelayo olwenza kube nzima ngama-antibiotic ukufinyelela amabhaktheriya.
Ukumelana kuvame ukwanda ngenxa yokusetshenziswa okungafanele kwama-antibiotic, isibonelo ukuthatha ama-antibiotic ngaphandle kwencwadi kadokotela, ukungaqedi umuthi njengoba kuyalelwe, noma ukusebenzisa ama-antibiotic ezifweni ezibangelwa amagciwane.
I-Penutup
Indlela yokusebenza kwama-antibiotic ekubhubhiseni amabhaktheriya igxile ekuhlaseleni izingxenye ezibalulekile ezihlukile kumabhaktheriya: udonga lweseli, ulwelwesi lweseli, ama-ribosome, ukwakheka kwe-DNA/RNA, kanye nezindlela ze-folate metabolism. Ngokubhekisisa lawa "maphuzu abuthakathaka," ama-antibiotic angabulala noma avimbele amabhaktheriya ngempumelelo. Kodwa-ke, ukwelashwa okuphumelelayo kuncike kakhulu ekukhetheni ama-antibiotic afanele, umthamo ofanele, kanye nokuhambisana nemiyalelo yesiguli. Esikhathini sokwanda kokumelana, ukuqonda ukuthi ama-antibiotic asebenza kanjani kubalulekile hhayi kochwepheshe bezokwelapha kuphela kodwa nakwabanye ukuze ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic kube nokuhlakanipha kakhudlwana futhi ukutheleleka kwamagciwane kungelashwa ngokuphephile nangendlela ephumelelayo.
