Indlela Amandla Elanga Asebenza Ngayo
Amandla elanga angomunye wemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo etholakala kakhulu eMhlabeni. Nsuku zonke, ukukhanya kwelanga kunikeza amandla amaningi angasetshenziswa ngezidingo ezahlukahlukene zabantu, kusukela ekukhiqizeni ugesi kuya emanzini ashisayo. Phakathi kokwanda kwesidingo samandla kanye nokukhathazeka ngemiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukusebenzisa amandla elanga sekuba yisisombululo esibaluleke kakhulu. Kodwa amandla elanga asebenza kanjani ngempela? Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngemibono eyisisekelo, ukuthi asebenza kanjani, izingxenye eziyinhloko, kanye nezici ezithonya ukusebenza kwezinhlelo zamandla elanga.
Amandla Elanga Njengomthombo Ovuselelekayo
Ilanga likhipha amandla ngesimo sokukhanya kwe-electromagnetic. Okunye kwalokhu kukhanya kufinyelela ebusweni boMhlaba njengokukhanya okubonakalayo, kwe-infrared, kanye ne-ultraviolet. Lawa mandla angabanjwa futhi aguqulwe abe ezinye izinhlobo zamandla eziwusizo. Ngokungafani namafutha emvelo, anqunyelwe futhi akhiqiza ukukhishwa okukhulu kwekhabhoni, amandla elanga avuseleleka, awapheli ngesikhathi somuntu, futhi anobungani nemvelo uma esetshenziswa.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla elanga ngokuvamile kuhlukaniswe ngezigaba ezimbili ezibanzi: amandla elanga e-photovoltaic (PV) ukukhiqiza ugesi kanye namandla elanga ashisayo ukukhiqiza ukushisa. Zombili zisebenza ngezimiso ezahlukene, yize zombili zisebenzisa imisebe yelanga.
Indlela Amaphaneli Elanga E-Photovoltaic (PV) Asebenza Ngayo
Izinhlelo ze-photovoltaic ziguqula ukukhanya kwelanga kube ugesi ngqo. Isimiso esiyisisekelo umphumela we-photovoltaic, into lapho izinto ze-semiconductor zikhiqiza khona ugesi uma zichayeka ekukhanyeni.
1. Izinto Zokuphehla Umoya kanye Nezixhumo ze-PN
Amaphaneli elanga akhiwa amaseli amaningi elanga. Amaseli elanga ngokuvamile enziwa nge-silicon, into ye-semiconductor engaqhuba ugesi ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Ukuze ikhiqize ugesi, i-silicon "iyafakwa" ukuze yakhe izendlalelo ezimbili ezihlukile:
– Uhlobo lwe-N, olunama-electron amaningi (i-negative charge).
– Uhlobo lwe-P, olungenayo ama-electron noma “olunezimbobo” (ishaja enhle).
Uma lezi zendlalelo ezimbili zihlanganiswa, kwakheka i-PN junction. Kudalwa insimu kagesi yangaphakathi endaweni ehlangana kuyo, edlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlukaniseni amashaji.
2. Ukumuncwa kwe-Photon kanye nokwakheka kwe-Electron-Hole
Ukukhanya kwelanga kuqukethe izinhlayiya ezinamandla ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-photon. Lapho ama-photon eshaya iseli lelanga, amandla awo angamuncwa yi-silicon. Uma i-photon inamandla anele, "izokhipha" i-electron esibophweni sayo, yakhe umbhangqwana we-electron-hole.
3. Ukuhlukaniswa Kweshaja Ngensimu Kagesi
Insimu kagesi ekuxhumaneni kwe-PN iphoqa ama-electron ukuthi aye ongqimbeni lohlobo lwe-N kanye nemigodi aye ongqimbeni lohlobo lwe-P. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kuvimbela ama-electron ukuthi ahlangane nemigodi, okudala umehluko ongaba khona (i-voltage).
4. Ukwakheka Kogesi Kagesi Esiyingini
Uma iseli lelanga lixhunywe kwisekethe yangaphandle, ama-electron ageleza ngezintambo ukuze abuyele kolunye uhlangothi. Lokhu kugeleza kwama-electron kwakha ugesi kagesi. Ugesi okhiqizwa amaphaneli elanga ungowomshini oqondile (DC). Kodwa-ke, izinto eziningi zasendlini kanye namagridi kagesi zisebenzisa ugesi oshintshanayo (AC), okudinga imishini eyengeziwe.
Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Zesistimu Yesitshalo Sikagesi Selanga (i-PLTS)
Ukuze ugesi ovela elangeni usetshenziswe ngokuphepha nangokusebenza kahle, uhlelo lwe-PV luvame ukuba nezingxenye eziningana eziyinhloko:
1. Amaphaneli elanga (amamojula e-PV)
Bamba ukukhanya kwelanga bese ukhiqiza ugesi we-DC.
2. I-inverter
Iguqula ugesi we-DC ube yi-AC ukuze usetshenziswe imishini noma usatshalaliswe kunethiwekhi.
3. Isilawuli sokushaja selanga (esimisweni sebhethri)
Phatha ukushaja kwebhethri ukuze uvimbele ukushaja ngokweqile noma ukuphuma ngokweqile.
4. Ibhethri (ongakukhetha)
Gcina amandla ukuze uwasebenzise ebusuku noma lapho isimo sezulu sinamafu.
5. Isakhiwo sokufaka kanye nezintambo
Isekela iphaneli nge-engeli ethile futhi ihambisa ugesi ngokuphephile.
6. Ukuvikelwa kwamamitha kanye nogesi
Kufaka phakathi i-MCB, ukuvikelwa kokukhuphuka kwegesi, amathuluzi okubeka phansi, kanye nokuqapha ukuphepha kanye nokuqapha ukusebenza.
Ngokuvamile, kunezinhlobo eziningana zezakhiwo zamandla elanga: ezikugridi (ezixhunywe kugridi), ezingaphandle kwegridi (ezizimele namabhethri), kanye ne-hybrid (inhlanganisela yegridi namabhethri).
Indlela Amandla Okushisa Elanga Asebenza Ngayo
Ngokungafani ne-PV, eguqula ukukhanya kube ugesi, izinhlelo zelanga ezishisayo zisebenzisa amandla elanga njengokushisa. Isimiso silula: imisebe yelanga imuncwa yindawo ethile, bese ukushisa kusetshenziselwa ukushisa uketshezi (amanzi noma uketshezi lokudlulisa ukushisa).
1. Abaqoqi Belanga Nokumuncwa Kokushisa
Ingxenye eyinhloko yesistimu yokushisa yi-solar collector, ngokuvamile iphaneli enomphezulu omanzi omnyama. Umbala omnyama usiza ekumunceni imisebe eminingi futhi unciphise ukukhanya.
2. Ukudluliselwa Kokushisa Ku-Fluids
Ngemuva kobuso bomqoqi kukhona amapayipi lapho amanzi noma uketshezi olukhethekile lugeleza khona. Njengoba ubuso bomqoqi bushisa, amandla adluliselwa oketshezini ngokuqhutshwa komoya kanye nokuguqulwa komoya. Uketshezi olufudumele lube seludluliselwa ethangini lokugcina noma lusetshenziswe ngqo.
3. Izicelo Zokushisa Kwelanga
Amandla elanga ashisayo asetshenziswa kabanzi ku:
– isifudumezi samanzi sasekhaya (isifudumezi samanzi elanga),
– i-heater yedamu lokubhukuda,
- izinqubo zokushisa embonini,
– kuya ezitshalweni ezinkulu zamandla okushisa elanga (i-CSP) ezigxila ukukhanya ngezibuko ukuze zikhiqize umusi futhi ziphendule ama-turbine.
Izici Ezithinta Ukusebenza Kwamandla Elanga
Ngisho noma ukukhanya kwelanga kuningi, amandla avela ezinhlelweni zelanga athonywa kakhulu yizici ezilandelayo:
1. Ukuqina kwemisebe yelanga
Uma ukukhanya kunamandla aphezulu, kungakhiqizwa amandla amaningi. Amandla athintwa yindawo, isizini, kanye nezimo zomkhathi.
2. I-engeli yephaneli kanye nokuqondiswa kwayo
Amaphaneli elanga asebenza kahle kakhulu lapho ukukhanya kwelanga kushaya indawo ngokuqondile. Ngakho-ke, ukuma nokuthambekela kwamaphaneli kumele kulungiswe kuye ngobubanzi bendawo.
3. Izinga lokushisa lephaneli
Ngokuthakazelisayo, amaphaneli e-solar PV avame ukubhekana nokusebenza kahle okunciphile lapho amazinga okushisa ephezulu kakhulu. Umoya opholile kanye nebanga ukusuka ophahleni kungasiza ekunciphiseni ukushisa ngokweqile.
4. Izithunzi nokungcola
Izithunzi ezivela ezihlahleni, ezakhiweni, noma kuma-antenna zinganciphisa kakhulu amandla akhishwayo. Uthuli nokungcola nakho kunciphisa ukungena kokukhanya, okudinga ukuhlanzwa njalo kwamaphaneli.
5. Ikhwalithi yezingxenye kanye nokufakwa kwazo
Ama-inverter angaphansi kwezinga elifanele, izintambo, izixhumi kanye nokuvikela kungabangela ukulahlekelwa amandla kanye nezingozi zokuphepha.
Izinzuzo kanye Nezinselele Zamandla Elanga
Amandla elanga anezinzuzo eziningi: awamahhala, akhiqiza ukukhishwa okuncane komoya, adinga ukulungiswa okuncane, futhi angafakwa ezikalini ezincane nezinkulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaphaneli elanga angasiza ekunciphiseni ukuthembela kugesi osuselwe ezintweni zasendulo.
Kodwa-ke, kunezinselele ezinkulu, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi ezithile (ukukhiqiza kuncike esimweni sezulu kanye nokushintshana kwemini nobusuku) kanye nezidingo zesikhala zokufakwa okukhulu. Izixazululo ezivamile zifaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa kwamabhethri, izinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokusebenza kahle kwamaphaneli kanye nokuphathwa kwamandla.
I-Penutup
Isimiso esiyisisekelo samandla elanga ukubamba imisebe yelanga bese uyiguqula ibe amandla asebenzisekayo, kungaba ugesi ngomphumela we-photovoltaic noma ukushisa ngohlelo lokushisa. Ngezingxenye ezifanele, umklamo omuhle, kanye nokugcinwa okwanele, amandla elanga angaba yinsika ebalulekile ekushintsheni kwamandla ahlanzekile. Esikhathini esizayo, ukusungula izinto ezintsha kwezobuchwepheshe, ukunciphisa izindleko, kanye nokusekelwa kwenqubomgomo kuzosheshisa kakhulu ukwamukelwa kwamandla elanga njengesixazululo samandla esimeme emphakathini.
