Incazelo yama-Electron nama-Proton
I-Pendahuluan
Ama-electron nama-proton ayizinhlobo ezimbili zezinhlayiya ezingaphansi kwe-atomic ezibalulekile ku-physics nakumakhemikhali. Ayizizakhi eziyisisekelo zama-athomu, okuyizona eziyisisekelo sayo yonke into endaweni yonke. Ukuqonda ama-electron nama-proton kubalulekile ekutadisheni isakhiwo se-athomu, ukusabela kwamakhemikhali, kanye nezinye izinto eziningi ezibonakalayo. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngemvelaphi, izakhiwo, kanye nezindima zama-electron nama-proton.
Ama-electron: Izinhlayiya Ezishajwe Kabi
Umlando Wokutholwa
Ama-electron aqala ukutholwa yisazi sefiziksi uJ.J. Thomson ngo-1897 ngokusebenzisa izivivinyo ze-cathode ray tube. Lokhu kutholakala kwashintsha ukuqonda kwethu isakhiwo se-athomu kusuka kumodeli ye-plum pudding kuya koyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
Izakhiwo zama-Electron
Ama-electron ayizinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu ezineshaja engemihle (-1). Isisindo se-electron singamakhilogremu angu-9.109 × 10^-31, okuyinto encane kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa nesisindo sama-proton nama-neutron. Naphezu kwesisindo sawo esincane, ama-electron adlala indima ebalulekile ezimweni ezahlukene zomzimba nezamakhemikhali.
Ukusatshalaliswa kwama-electron kuma-athomu
Ama-electron asatshalaliswa ngezendlalelo, noma "amagobolondo," azungeze i-nucleus (ingqikithi ye-athomu). Igobolondo ngalinye linezinga lamandla elihlukile, futhi ama-electron avame ukuhlala kuleso sendlalelo ngamandla aphansi kakhulu atholakalayo. Ithiyori ye-quantum mechanics inikeza uhlaka lwezibalo lokuqonda ukuziphatha kwama-electron kuma-athomu, ngokusebenzisa imiqondo yemisebenzi yamagagasi kanye namathuba.
Indima Yama-Electron
Ama-electron anesibopho sezinto eziningi ezikalini ezincane kakhulu nezinkulu. Kumakhemikhali, ama-electron asegobolondweni elingaphandle (ama-valence electron) adlala indima ebalulekile ezibophweni zamakhemikhali kanye nokusabela kwamakhemikhali. Kugesi kanye nemagnetism, ukugeleza kwama-electron yilokho esikwazi ngokuthi ugesi wamanje.
I-Proton: I-Particle Eshajwe Kahle
Umlando Wokutholwa
Ama-proton atholakala ngu-Ernest Rutherford ngo-1919 ngokusebenzisa izivivinyo lapho ahlasela khona i-nitrogen ngezinhlayiya ze-alpha, kwakhiqizwa izinhlayiya ze-hydrogen ezinhle. Lokhu kutholwa kwaholela ekuqondeni ukuthi i-nucleus ye-athomu yakhiwa ama-proton nama-neutron.
Izakhiwo zamaProtoni
I-proton iyinhlayiya engaphansi kwe-atomic ene-chaji enhle (+1) kanye nesisindo esingamakhilogremu angu-1.672 × 10^-27, okungaphezu kwesisindo se-electron. Ama-proton, kanye nama-neutron, akha i-nucleus ye-athomu, eyakha ingxenye enkulu yesisindo se-athomu.
Indawo yamaProtoni kuma-Athomu
Ama-proton atholakala kuyi-nucleus, okuwumgogodla ophakathi oqinile kakhulu we-athomu, omncane uma uqhathaniswa nobukhulu be-athomu iyonke. I-chemical element ngayinye ichazwa yinani lama-proton kuyi-nucleus yayo, eyaziwa ngokuthi inombolo yayo ye-athomu. Isibonelo, ikhabhoni inama-proton ayisithupha kuyi-nucleus yayo, kanti i-oxygen inayisishiyagalombili.
Indima YamaProton
Ama-proton ahlinzeka ngokuqina kanye nobunikazi kuma-athomu. Ama-proton adlala indima ekusebenzisaneni okunamandla kwenuzi, amandla ayisisekelo abamba i-nucleus ndawonye ngokubopha ama-proton nama-neutron ndawonye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekusabeleni kwamakhemikhali, izinguquko enanini lama-proton zingaguqula i-element eyodwa ibe yinye ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kwenuzi.
Ukusebenzisana kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kwama-electron nama-proton
Amandla kagesi
Ama-electron nama-proton akhangwa amandla kagesi. Lokhu kukhanga kwakha isisekelo sesakhiwo se-athomu. Ama-electron azungeza i-nucleus agcina ibanga elithile ngenxa yokulinganisela phakathi kwamandla akhangayo ama-proton kanye namandla e-kinetic ama-electron.
Ama-athomu kanye nokushaja kukagesi
Esimweni sokungathathi hlangothi, i-athomu inenani elilinganayo lama-proton nama-electron, ngakho-ke inani layo eliphelele liyi-zero. Kodwa-ke, ama-athomu angalahlekelwa noma athole ama-electron, abe ama-ion ashajeke kahle (ama-cation) uma elahlekelwa ama-electron, noma ama-ion ashajeke kabi (ama-anion) uma ethola ama-electron. Le nqubo ibalulekile ekusabeleni kwamakhemikhali amaningi kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukahlukene zobuchwepheshe, okuhlanganisa amabhethri namaseli e-electrolytic.
Izibopho Zamakhemikhali
Izibopho zamakhemikhali zenzeka ngenxa yokusebenzisana phakathi kwama-electron emagobolondweni angaphandle ama-athomu. Ama-proton, ngama-electron awo, anquma ukuthi ama-athomu azosabela kanjani komunye nomunye. Kunezinhlobo eziningana zezibopho zamakhemikhali, okuhlanganisa izibopho ze-covalent, ionic, kanye nezensimbi, zonke ezihilela ama-electron ngandlela-thile.
Izicelo kanye Nemiphumela
Kubuchwepheshe Besimanje
Ama-electron adlala indima ebalulekile cishe kubo bonke ubuchwepheshe besimanje be-elekthronikhi. Kusukela kuma-semiconductors angaphakathi kwamakhompyutha nama-smartphone kuya kumadivayisi ezokwelapha kanye nobuchwepheshe bolwazi, ukuziphatha kwama-electron ezintweni nasezindizeni kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwawo.
I-Nuclear Physics kanye nama-Nuclear Reactor
Ama-proton ayizihluthulelo ze-physics yenuzi kanye nobuchwepheshe be-nuclear reactor. Ekuhlanganisweni kwenuzi, ama-proton ayahlangana ukuze akhe i-helium, akhiphe amandla kule nqubo. Lesi yisimiso esiyisisekelo selanga nazo zonke izinkanyezi, futhi futhi siyindawo esebenzayo yocwaningo lwemithombo yamandla emisha, ehlanzekile, nesebenza kahle kakhulu.
Imiphumela ku-Biology
Ku-biology, ama-proton adlala indima ebalulekile ezinqubweni ezahlukahlukene ze-biochemical. Isibonelo, i-proton gradient kulo lonke ulwelwesi lweseli isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza i-adenosine triphosphate (ATP), i-molecule enikeza amandla cishe kuzo zonke izinqubo zamaseli ezintweni eziphilayo.
I-Penutup
Ama-electron nama-proton ayizinhlayiya eziyisisekelo ze-subatomic ezakha izinto endaweni yonke. Ngezakhiwo ezihlukile kodwa ezihambisanayo, zenza kube nokwenzeka izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi zomzimba nezamakhemikhali, kusukela esakhiweni se-athomu kuya ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali kanye nobuchwepheshe besimanje. Ukuqonda okujulile kwalezi zinhlayiya akugcini nje ngokucebisa ulwazi lwethu ngendawo yonke kodwa futhi kuvula umnyango wezinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe ezithinta izici eziningi zokuphila kwethu.
