Incazelo Yefiziksi Yezimbobo Ezimnyama
Umgodi omnyama ungenye yezinto eziqine kakhulu endaweni yonke: indawo yesikhala-isikhathi enamandla adonsela phansi kangangokuthi akukho lutho—ngisho nokukhanya—olungadlula endaweni ethile. Nakuba kungase kuzwakale sengathi “imigodi” evulekile esikhaleni, imigodi emnyama akuyona indawo engenalutho, kodwa kunalokho umphumela wokuqongelela kwesisindo/amandla abe yivolumu encane kakhulu. Ku-physics yanamuhla, imigodi emnyama isebenza njengezindawo zemvelo zokuhlola ubudlelwano obujwayelekile, i-quantum mechanics, kanye nokuqonda kwethu isikhala nesikhathi.
1. Umsuka womqondo wemigodi emnyama
Umqondo wezinto ezinamandla amakhulu adonsela phansi uqala ngekhulu le-18. Kodwa-ke, ukuqonda okuqinile kwefiziksi kwafika kuphela ngemuva kokuba u-Albert Einstein ebhale umbono wakhe ojwayelekile wokuhlobana ngo-1915. Ngokuhlobana okujwayelekile, amandla adonsela phansi awabhekwa njengamandla alula okukhanga, kodwa njengokujikeleza kwesikhala-isikhathi okubangelwa ubunzima namandla. Uma into inkulu kakhulu futhi iminyene, ukugoba kwesikhala-isikhathi esizungezile kuba bukhali kakhulu.
Ngo-1916, uKarl Schwarzschild wathola ikhambi lokuqala lezibalo kuma-equation ka-Einstein endabeni yesisindo esiyindilinga esingajikelezi. Lesi sixazululo sabikezela i-radius ethile lapho, uma isisindo singagcinwa khona, "umkhathi womcimbi" wawuzokwakheka khona. Lo mqondo kamuva washintsha waba ukuqonda kwanamuhla kwemigodi emnyama.
2. Umkhathi womcimbi: umngcele "wokungabuyi"
Isihluthulelo somgodi omnyama yi-event horizon, indawo ecatshangelwayo ephawula umngcele lapho ijubane lokuphunyuka lilingana nejubane lokukhanya. Ku-physics yakudala, ijubane lokuphunyuka yijubane elincane lapho into ingaphunyuka khona ethonyeni lamandla adonsela phansi ngaphandle kokubuyela emuva. EMhlabeni, cishe lingamakhilomitha ayi-11,2 ngomzuzwana. Kodwa-ke, uma into inkulu kakhulu futhi inobubanzi obuncane kakhulu, ijubane layo lokuphunyuka lingadlula ijubane lokukhanya.
Ngoba, ngokwe-relativity ekhethekile nejwayelekile, ukukhanya kungumkhawulo wesivinini esiphezulu solwazi nezinto, noma yini edlula emkhathizwe womcimbi ayikwazi ukuthumela isignali emuva. Yingakho imigodi emnyama ibonakala “imnyama”: ukukhanya okungena akukwazi ukuphuma, ngakho akukho ukukhanya okuboniswa emuva kumbukeli.
Ngokwezibalo, ngomgodi omnyama weSchwarzschild, irediyasi yomkhathi wayo womcimbi ibizwa ngokuthi irediyasi yeSchwarzschild:
rₛ = 2GM / c²
Kuphi:
– U-G uyinto engaguquki,
– U-M isisindo sento,
– c isivinini sokukhanya.
Uma ubukhulu bubukhulu, kulapho i-rₛ iba nkulu khona. Ngokuthakazelisayo, imigodi emnyama akudingeki ibe “mincane”; imigodi emnyama emikhulu kakhulu inezindawo zemicimbi ezingaba nkulu kunemizila yamaplanethi.
3. Ubunye: iphuzu elibalulekile kumodeli yokuhlobana
Enkabeni yomgodi omnyama, ubudlelwano obujwayelekile bubikezela ubumbano, indawo lapho ukugoba kwesikhathi sesikhala kuba khona okungenamkhawulo ngokwezibalo, futhi ubuningi bomzimba bubonakala bungenamkhawulo. Kodwa-ke, izazi eziningi zesayensi yefiziksi zibheka ubumbano njengophawu lokuthi inkolelo-mbono (ubudlelwano obujwayelekile) ayiphelele ezimweni ezinjalo ezimbi kakhulu.
Yilapho-ke isidingo sombono we-quantum gravity sivela khona: inhlanganisela ye-general relativity kanye ne-quantum mechanics engachaza okwenzekayo ezikalini ezincane kakhulu nezinamandla. Kuze kube manje, izinto eziyingqayizivele zisalokhu ziwumbuzo ojulile—ukuthi zikhona ngempela yini ngokwenyama, noma zimane ziyizinto zobuciko zamamodeli ezibalo ezidlula ububanzi bazo.
4. Izinhlobo zemigodi emnyama
Ngokuvamile, imigodi emnyama ihlukaniswa ngokusekelwe kubukhulu bayo kanye nenqubo yokwakheka.
1. Umgodi omnyama onesisindo esikhulu sezinkanyezi
Njengoba zakhiwe kusukela ekuweni kwenhliziyo yenkanyezi enkulu ngemva kokuqhuma kwe-supernova, ubuningi bazo buvame ukuba ngaphezu kwesisindo seLanga izikhathi eziningana kuya kweziyishumi.
2. Umgodi omnyama omkhulu kakhulu
Itholakala enkabeni yemithala, kufaka phakathi iMilky Way (Sagittarius A). Ubuningi bazo buphindwe izigidi kuya ezigidini zezigidi zesisindo kuneLanga. Izindlela zokwakheka kwazo zisacwaningwa; kungenzeka ukuthi zenzeke ngokuhlanganiswa kwemigodi eminingi emnyama kanye nokwanda kwezinto eminyakeni eyizigidigidi.
3. Izimbobo ezimnyama ezinobunzima obuphakathi
Ubuningi bazo busukela emakhulwini kuya ezinkulungwaneni zesisindo selanga. Ubufakazi bokuba khona kwazo buyakhula, kodwa inani lazo alikahlelwa kahle.
4. Izimbobo ezimnyama zokuqala (ezicatshangelwayo)
Kucatshangwa ukuthi yasungulwa endaweni yonke yakuqala ngenxa yokuguquguquka okukhulu kakhulu kobuningi. Ukuba khona kwayo akukafakazelwa, kodwa kuvame ukuxoxwa ngayo ku-cosmology futhi iyindlela efanelekile yezinto ezimnyama.
5. Ithonya lemigodi emnyama emvelweni: ukwakheka kanye namadiski
Nakuba imigodi emnyama ngokwayo ingakhiphi ukukhanya, indawo ezungezile ingaba nokukhanya okukhulu. Njengoba igesi nothuli kuwela emgodini omnyama, izinto ezisetshenziswayo zivame ukwakha idiski yokwanda. Ukungqubuzana nokushisa okubangelwa ukunyakaza kwayo okusheshayo okujikelezayo kubangela ukuthi le disk ikhiphe amandla amaningi, ikakhulukazi ngesimo se-X-ray.
Emigodini emnyama enamandla amakhulu, ama-accretion disk angakhiqiza ama-quasar—ezinye zezinto ezikhanya kakhulu endaweni yonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eminye imigodi emnyama ikhipha ama-relativistic jets, ama-jet ezinhlayiya ezinamandla aphezulu eziphuma ezingosini zembobo emnyama ngesivinini esicishe sibe sokukhanya. Lawa ma-jet asebenzisana nendawo ephakathi kwezinkanyezi futhi angathonya ukuvela kwemithala.
6. Ubudlelwano besikhathi eduze komgodi omnyama
Esinye sezibikezelo ezithakazelisa kakhulu zokuhlobana okuvamile ukwanda kwesikhathi samandla adonsela phansi. Uma insimu yamandla adonsela phansi iqina, isikhathi sihamba kancane uma siqhathaniswa nezindawo ezinomgoqo obuthakathaka (ngokwesilinganiso esiphakathi kwababukeli ababili). Eduze komkhathi womcimbi, lo mphumela uba mubi kakhulu.
Kumuntu obuka kude, into ewela emgodini omnyama ibonakala yehlisa ijubane futhi “iqandeka” njengoba isondela emkhathizweni wesenzakalo, ukukhanya kwayo kuba bomvu kakhulu (kushintsheke kabili) futhi kube mnyama. Kodwa-ke, entweni ewelayo ngokwayo (ohlakeni lwendawo), idlula emkhathizweni wesenzakalo ngesikhathi esinqunyiwe bese iqhubeka iye enkabeni ngaphandle kokubona “ukumiswa kwesikhathi” sendawo. Lo mehluko embonweni awuyona into ephikisanayo, kodwa kunalokho umphumela wesakhiwo esivumelanayo sesikhathi sesikhala.
7. Imisebe ye-Hawking: imigodi emnyama “ingahwamuka”
Ngawo-1970, uStephen Hawking wahlanganisa imiqondo ye-quantum mechanics ne-space-time eduze komkhathi womcimbi futhi wathola ukuthi imigodi emnyama kufanele ikhiphe imisebe yokushisa, manje eyaziwa ngokuthi imisebe ye-Hawking. Kalula nje, ukuguquguquka kwe-quantum ku-vacuum kungakhiqiza ama-particle-antiparticle pairs. Uma eyodwa iwela emgodini omnyama bese enye iphuma, khona-ke ngokombono wombukeli okude, umgodi omnyama ukhipha i-particle.
Umphumela uyamangalisa: imigodi emnyama ingalahlekelwa isisindo kancane kancane futhi ekugcineni iphele. Kodwa-ke, ngemigodi emnyama enesisindo esikhulu noma emikhulu kakhulu, leli zinga lokuhwamuka lincane kakhulu—lincane kakhulu kunenqubo yokwanda ezimweni eziningi. Imisebe ye-Hawking ibaluleke kakhulu emigodini emnyama emincane (ecatshangelwayo), ngoba uma isisindo sembobo emnyama sincane, izinga lokushisa lokukhanya kwayo liphakeme.
8. Ubufakazi bokuba khona kwemigodi emnyama
Ngenxa yokuthi imigodi emnyama ayikhiphi ukukhanya ngqo, ubufakazi bokuba khona kwayo buvela emiphumeleni yamandla adonsela phansi kanye nemisebe evela ezintweni ezizungezile. Eminye yemigqa eyinhloko yobufakazi yile:
– Ukunyakaza kwezinkanyezi ezungeze isikhungo somthala:
Ukubonwa kwemizila yezinkanyezi eduze kweSagittarius A kubonisa ukuba khona kwesisindo esincane kakhulu, esikhulu, esihambisana nomgodi omnyama omkhulu kakhulu.
– Izinhlelo zezinkanyezi ezimbili kanye ne-X-ray:
Uma inkanyezi izungeza into enkulu kakhulu engabonakali bese izinto ezivela enkanyezini ziphuma ukuze zakhe idiski yokukhula, kungatholakala imisebe ye-X enamandla.
– Amagagasi adonsela phansi:
Ama-detector e-LIGO kanye ne-Virgo abone amagagasi adonsela phansi evela ekuhlanganiseni imigodi emnyama. Lezi zimpawu zihambisana nezibikezelo zokuhlobana okuvamile.
– Isithombe sesithunzi sembobo emnyama:
I-Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) ithwebule ngempumelelo “isithunzi” somgodi omnyama ku-galaxy M87 kanye ne-Sagittarius A. Okubonakalayo akuyona imbobo emnyama ngokwayo, kodwa kunalokho isithunzi somkhathi womcimbi ngokumelene nokukhanya okuvela kugesi oshisayo ozungezile.
9. Imibuzo evulekile: ulwazi kanye nokudonsa phansi kwe-quantum
Imigodi emnyama nayo idala izinkinga eziyisisekelo, enye yazo okuyi-information paradox. Ku-quantum mechanics, ulwazi mayelana nesimo sesistimu akufanele lulahleke. Kodwa-ke, uma imbobo emnyama iphela ngemisebe ye-Hawking ebonakala ingahleliwe, ulwazi mayelana nale ndaba eyake yawela luyaphi? Le mpikiswano ikhuthaze intuthuko ku-string theory, i-holography, kanye nomqondo wokuthi ulwazi lungagcinwa endaweni yomcimbi ngandlela thile.
Isiphetho
Imigodi emnyama ayizona nje izinto zezinkanyezi ezingavamile, kodwa futhi iyinhlanganisela yezinsika ezimbili zefiziksi yesimanje: ukuhlobana okujwayelekile kanye ne-quantum mechanics. Kusukela kuma-event horizons kanye nokwanda kwesikhathi kuya kuma-bright accretion disks kanye nemisebe ye-Hawking engabonakali, imigodi emnyama ibonisa indlela indawo yonke engasebenza ngayo ngemingcele yemibono yethu. Ucwaningo ngemigodi emnyama luyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka ngokubuka amagagasi adonsela phansi, ama-telescope ane-resolution ephezulu, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwe-quantum gravity—okunikeza ithemba lokuthi enye yezimfihlakalo ezinkulu ze-cosmos ingase iqondwe kangcono kancane kancane.
