Ukusetshenziswa Kokushisa Embonini
Ukushisa, noma amandla okushisa, kungenye yezinhlobo zamandla ezisetshenziswa kakhulu emisebenzini yezimboni. Cishe yonke imikhakha yokukhiqiza nokucubungula—kusukela ekudleni naseziphuzweni kuya ezindwangu namakhemikhali kuya ezinsimbini—isebenzisa ukushisa ukushintsha izakhiwo zezinto zokwakha, isheshise ukusabela, igcine ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo, futhi ithuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza. Ngokuphathwa okufanele, ukushisa kunganciphisa izindleko zokusebenza, kwandise umkhiqizo, futhi kunciphise umthelela emvelweni. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngendlela ukushisa okusetshenziswa ngayo embonini, imithombo yako, imishini esetshenziswa njalo, kanye namasu abalulekile okusebenza kahle nokuphepha.
1. Indima Yokushisa Ezinqubweni Zezimboni
Esimweni sezimboni, ukushisa kusebenza "njengamandla aqhubayo" ezinqubweni ezahlukene zomzimba nezamakhemikhali. Ukushisa kusetshenziselwa:
1. Ukushisa: Ukuphakamisa izinga lokushisa lezinto ukuze kufinyelelwe esimweni esithile, isibonelo ukufudumala ubisi ngaphambi kwenqubo yokugcoba.
2. Ukomisa: Ukunciphisa okuqukethwe kwamanzi ezintweni, njengasezimbonini zokhuni, zephepha, noma zemikhiqizo yezolimo.
3. Ukupheka nokubulala amagciwane: Kuvamile embonini yokudla ukubulala amagciwane nokwandisa isikhathi sokuphila.
4. Ukuncibilikisa nokuncibilikisa: Kubalulekile embonini yensimbi, ingilazi kanye nepulasitiki ukuze kwakhiwe imikhiqizo.
5. Ukuhwamuka kanye nokuhluzwa: Kusetshenziswa ezimbonini zamakhemikhali nezemithi ukuze kuhlanzwe izinto.
6. Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali: Ukusabela okuningi kudinga amazinga okushisa aphezulu noma ukulawulwa okuqinile kokushisa, isibonelo ukukhiqizwa kwe-ammonia, usimende, noma amakhemikhali e-petrochemicals.
Ngenxa yendima yayo ebanzi, ukulawula ukushisa kubalulekile. Izinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu lingalimaza ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo, kanti izinga lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu lingabangela inqubo ukuthi yehluleke.
2. Imithombo Yokushisa Esetshenziswa Kaningi
Izimboni zithola ukushisa emithonjeni eyahlukahlukene yamandla. Ukukhetha umthombo wokushisa kuvame ukubheka ukutholakala kukaphethiloli, izindleko, ukulula kokusebenza, ukuphepha, kanye namazinga okukhishwa komoya.
a. Ukushisa Amafutha Ezinsalela
Lo mthombo wokushisa yiwona ovame kakhulu, ikakhulukazi emazweni asathembele ku-oyela, igesi yemvelo, noma amalahle. Izinhlelo zokusha zisetshenziswa kuma-boiler, ama-furnace, ama-oven, kanye nama-oven ahlukahlukene ezimboni. Izinzuzo zawo zifaka phakathi ukulula kokusetshenziswa kanye nekhono lokukhiqiza amazinga okushisa aphezulu, kodwa izinselele zifaka phakathi ukukhishwa kwe-CO₂ kanye nokungcola.
b. Ugesi (Ukushisa Ngogesi)
Ukushisa ngogesi kusetshenziswa ezinqubweni ezidinga ukulawulwa okunembile kokushisa, njengasembonini ye-elekthronikhi, emalabhorethri, kanye nezinqubo ezithile zokwelashwa kokushisa. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi ukufudumala okuvimbelayo, ukufudumala kokufakwa kokushisa, kanye nokushisa nge-microwave. Inzuzo yayo ukusebenza okuhlanzekile (akukho kubhema), kodwa izindleko zikagesi zingaba phezulu kuye ngentengo kanye nomthombo wamandla.
c. Umusi njengendlela yokushisa
Umusi uvame ukubhekwa “njengomgogodla” wezinhlelo zokushisa zezimboni ngoba usatshalaliswa kalula ngamapayipi futhi ungasetshenziswa ekufudumaleni okungaqondile. Umusi usetshenziselwa amathangi okushisa, ama-reactor, ukufakelwa kwe-pasteurization, kanye nokushisa isikhala semboni. Lezi zinhlelo zivame ukunikezwa amandla ngama-boiler.
d. Amandla Avuselelekayo kanye Nokushisa Okulahlwayo
Njengoba kunezidingo zokusebenza kahle kanye nokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi, imboni isiqala ukusebenzisa eminye imithombo efana ne-biomass, i-biogas, amandla okushisa komhlaba, kanye nokubuyisa ukushisa okulahliwe. Ukushisa okulahliwe okuvela kumashimini, ekukhishweni kwenjini, noma ezinqubweni zokushisa kungaguqulwa kube amandla awusizo ngokusebenzisa ama-economizer, ama-heat exchanger, noma izinhlelo zokukhiqiza ndawonye.
3. Imishini Yezimboni Esebenzisa Ukushisa
Ukusetshenziswa kokushisa embonini kuhilela izinhlobo ezahlukene zamadivayisi nezinhlelo zokushisa. Ezinye zezinto ezivame kakhulu yilezi:
a. Ibhoyila
Ama-boiler akhiqiza umusi noma amanzi ashisayo ngezidingo ezahlukahlukene zenqubo. Ukusebenza kahle kwe-boiler kuthonywa yikhwalithi kaphethiloli, ukulungiswa kwesitofu, ukulawulwa kokushiswa, kanye nokulahlwa kwe-blowdown. I-boiler esebenza kahle ingonga kakhulu amandla.
b. Isishintshi Sokushisa
Ama-heat exchanger adlulisa ukushisa kusuka kolunye uketshezi kuya kolunye ngaphandle kokuwaxuba. Lo mshini ubalulekile ekufudumaleni, ekupholiseni, ekuvundeni nasekubuyiseleni ukushisa okulahliwe. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene, kufaka phakathi ama-shell-and-tube, ama-plate heat exchanger, kanye nama-finned-tube heat exchanger.
c. Izitofu Zezimboni, Izitofu Zokushisa, kanye Nama-Oven
Izitofu nama-oven asetshenziselwa ukufeza amazinga okushisa aphezulu, isibonelo ezimbonini zensimbi, ze-ceramics, nezesimende. Ama-oven asezimbonini asetshenziswa kabanzi ekomiseni, ekupholiseni nasekubhakeni imikhiqizo. Ukulawula amazinga okushisa kanye nokugeleza komoya kuyizinto ezibalulekile ekufinyeleleni imiphumela efanayo.
d. Izinhlelo Zokuqandisa Nokufudumeza
Nakuba kuhloswe ukuthi kuphole, izinhlelo zokuqandisa ziphinde "ziphathe ukushisa" ngokukudlulisa kusuka kwenye indawo kuya kwenye. Amaphampu okushisa angasebenzisa ngisho nokushisa okuzungezile noma achithe ukushisa ukuze kufudunyezwe izinqubo zokushisa emazingeni okushisa aphakathi nendawo, ngaleyo ndlela onge amandla.
4. Izibonelo Zokusetshenziswa Kokushisa Emikhakheni Ehlukahlukene
a. Imboni Yokudla Neziphuzo
Ukushisa kusetshenziselwa ukubulala ubisi, ukubulala amagciwane ekudleni okusemathinini, ukupheka ushukela, ukomisa ikhofi, ngisho nokubhaka isinkwa. Inselele enkulu ukugcina ukunambitheka, ukuthungwa, kanye nokudla okunempilo okusezingeni eliphezulu ngenkathi kuqinisekiswa ukuphepha kokudla.
b. Imboni Yezindwangu
Izinqubo zokudaya nokuqeda zidinga amanzi afudumele, indwangu yokomisa, kanye nokusetshenziswa komusi. Ukusebenza kahle kokushisa kunqunywa kakhulu ukuphathwa kwebhoyila, ukuvikela amapayipi, kanye nokubuyisa ukushisa emanzini ashisayo angcolile.
c. Imboni Yamakhemikhali Neyemithi
Ukushisa kuyadingeka ukuze kusebenze ukusabela kwe-endothermic, ukuhluzwa, ukuhwamuka, kanye nokwakheka kwekristalu. Ukulawulwa kwezinga lokushisa okunembile kubalulekile ngoba kuthinta amazinga okusabela, ubumsulwa bomkhiqizo, kanye nokuphepha kwenqubo (isb., ingozi yokusabela okubalekayo).
d. Imboni Yensimbi Nokukhiqiza
Kwezokwakha insimbi, ukushisa kusetshenziselwa ukuncibilikisa, ukuhlanganisa, kanye nokwelapha ukushisa njengokufaka nokucima. Umgomo ukushintsha isakhiwo sensimbi ukuze kutholakale amandla, ubulukhuni, kanye nokuqina ngokwezincazelo.
e. Imboni Yesimende Nezebumba
Le mboni idume ngokusebenzisa amandla amaningi, idinga amazinga okushisa aphezulu kakhulu kuma-oven ukuze kwakheke i-clinker noma i-fire ceramics. Yilapho ukubuyiswa kokushisa okulahliwe kunikeza khona ithuba elikhulu lokunciphisa izindleko zamandla.
5. Ukusebenza Kahle Kwamandla Nokonga Ukushisa
Ngenxa yokuthi izindleko zamandla ziyingxenye enkulu yokukhiqiza, izimboni eziningi zisebenzisa amasu okusebenzisa kahle ukushisa, okuhlanganisa:
1. Ukushisa kwamapayipi anomusi, amabhoyila, amathangi kanye nama-reactor ukuze kuncishiswe ukulahleka kokushisa.
2. Ukubuyisa ukushisa okulahliwe nge-economizer (amanzi okuhambisa amanzi ebhoyila okushisa) noma i-heat exchanger ukuze kufudunyezwe izinto zokusetshenziswa.
3. Ukulungiswa kokushisa ngokulawula isilinganiso somoya-uphethiloli ukuze kushiswe kahle kakhulu futhi kuncishiswe ukukhishwa kwegesi.
4. Ukulungiswa njalo ukuze kuvinjelwe ukwakheka kwezikali kubhoyila kanye nokungcola ku-heat exchanger, okunciphisa ukusebenza kahle kokudlulisa ukushisa.
5. Ukuzenzakalela kanye nezinsimbi ezifana nezinzwa zokushisa, amamitha okugeleza, kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula ukugcina ukusebenza kusezimweni ezifanele.
6. Ukukhiqiza ngokuhlanganyela (CHP), okukhiqiza ugesi nokushisa ngasikhathi sinye okuvela emthonjeni owodwa wamandla, ukuze ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kube phezulu.
Ngale ndlela, ukusebenza kahle kunganda kakhulu, ngisho nokonga amandla okungu-10-30% akunakwenzeka ezindaweni ezazichitha imali ngaphambilini.
6. Ukuphepha Emsebenzini Ekusetshenzisweni Kokushisa
Ukusetshenziswa kokushisa kuhlale kuhlotshaniswa nezingozi, ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni ezinomfutho ophezulu (umusi), amazinga okushisa aphezulu (izitofu nezitofu), kanye namafutha avuthayo. Izimboni zidinga ukusebenzisa:
- Izindinganiso zokusebenza eziqinile kanye nezinqubo zokuphepha
- Ukuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi okuhlobene nokuphathwa kwama-boiler, ama-valve, kanye nemishini eshisayo
- Izinhlelo zokuvikela ezifana nama-valve okusiza, ama-alamu okushisa, kanye nokuvala okuzenzakalelayo
– Imishini yokuzivikela yomuntu siqu (i-PPE) ukuvimbela ukusha
- Ukuhlolwa kokuphepha okwenziwa ngezikhathi ezithile kanye nokuhlolwa kwemishini ecindezelwe
Ukuphepha okuhle akugcini nje ngokuvikela abasebenzi, kodwa futhi kugwema isikhathi sokungasebenzi kahle komkhiqizo kanye nokulahlekelwa yizimali.
7. Isiphetho
Ukushisa kuyisici esibalulekile ezweni lezimboni, esisetshenziselwa ukushisa, ukomisa, ukuncibilikisa, ukuhluza, ngisho nokusekela ukusabela kwamakhemikhali. Impumelelo yezinqubo zezimboni incike kakhulu endleleni ukushisa okukhiqizwa ngayo, okusatshalaliswa ngayo, okulawulwa ngayo, nokubuyiselwa kwayo. Enkathini yanamuhla, ukugxila ekusetshenzisweni kokushisa akugcini nje empumelelweni yokukhiqiza, kodwa futhi nasekusebenziseni kahle amandla, ukunciphisa ukukhishwa komoya, kanye nokuphepha emsebenzini. Ngobuchwepheshe obufana nezishintshi zokushisa ezisebenza kahle kakhulu, ukubuyisa ukushisa okulahliwe, ukulawula okuzenzakalelayo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla avuselelekayo, imboni ingaqhubeka nokukhula ngokukhiqiza nangokuqhubekayo.
Uma ufisa, ngingalungisa lesi sihloko sibe amagama ayi-1000 ngqo, noma ngisidale ngesakhiwo sezemfundo (isingeniso–indlela–ingxoxo–isiphetho) ngokwezidingo zesabelo sesikole/sasekolishi.
