Izinto Eziphathelene Nezinhlayiya Ezingaphansi Kwe-Atomic
Siphila ezweni eligcwele izinto eziqinile, uketshezi, namagesi esiwabona nsuku zonke. Kodwa-ke, uma sihlola ngokujulile izakhiwo eziyisisekelo zento, sizothola umhlaba ohluke kakhulu: umhlaba wezinhlayiya ezingaphansi kwe-athomu. Izinhlayiya ezingaphansi kwe-athomu ziyizakhi eziyisisekelo zama-athomu futhi zinomthwalo wemfanelo wamakhemikhali kanye nezakhiwo zomzimba zazo zonke izinto endaweni yonke. Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinhlayiya ezingaphansi kwe-athomu, ukuthi zatholakala kanjani, kanye nendima yazo ekubumbeni into esiyaziyo.
Umlando Wokutholwa Kwezinhlayiya Ezingaphansi Kwe-Subatomic
Ukutholakala kwezinhlayiya ezingaphansi kwe-atomic kwaqala ngokutholakala kwe-electron ngu-J.J. Thomson ngo-1897. Ama-electron atholakala ngokuhlolwa kwemisebe ye-cathode, okwabonisa ukuthi ama-athomu ayengabonakali njengoba kwakukholelwa ngaphambili yi-athomu kaJohn Dalton. Lokhu kutholakala kwavula indlela ye-athomu eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
Ngemva kokutholakala kwe-electron, ososayensi baqala ukufuna ezinye izinhlayiya ezakha ama-athomu. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, u-Ernest Rutherford waphakamisa imodeli ye-athomu equkethe i-nucleus exinene ezungezwe ama-electron azungeza i-nucleus. Ekuhlolweni lapho aqhumisa khona izinhlayiya ze-alpha ku-foil encane yegolide, uRutherford wathola ukuthi iningi lezinhlayiya ze-alpha lidlule ku-foil lingashintshiwe, kanti ezinye zazibonakala ngama-engeli amakhulu. Lokhu kwabonisa ukuthi i-nucleus ye-athomu yayincane kakhulu kodwa yayinobunzima obukhulu kanye nokushaja okuhle.
Izinhlayiya Eziyinhloko Ze-Subatomic
Ngokuvamile, izinhlayiya ezingaphansi kwe-atomic zihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezimbili: ama-fermion nama-boson. Ama-fermion yizinhlayiya ezakha izinto, kanti ama-boson yizinhlayiya ezisebenza njengabathwali bamandla.
Electron
Ama-electron ayizinhlayiya ezishajelwe kabi ezizungeze i-nucleus ye-athomu. Alula kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nama-proton nama-neutron, anesisindo esingaba ngu-1/1836 kuphela kunese-proton. Ama-electron anesibopho sezakhiwo eziningi zamakhemikhali zama-athomu ngoba ahilelekile ekwakhekeni kwezibopho zamakhemikhali kanye nokusabela kwamakhemikhali.
Iproton
Ama-proton ayizinhlayiya ezishajelwe kahle ezitholakala kuyi-nucleus ye-athomu. Ama-proton anesisindo esingaba ngu-1.6726 × 10^(-27) kg, cishe esilingana ne-neutron. Inani lama-proton kuyi-nucleus ye-athomu linquma i-chemical element yaleyo athomu. Isibonelo, i-hydrogen ine-proton eyodwa, kuyilapho i-helium inama-two. Ama-proton nawo adlala indima ekunqumeni inombolo ye-athomu ye-element.
I-neutron
Ama-neutron ayizinhlayiya ezingathathi hlangothi ezitholakala futhi ku-nucleus ye-athomu. Anesisindo esifana kakhulu nesama-proton. Umsebenzi wawo oyinhloko ukunikeza ukuzinza ku-nucleus ye-athomu. Ama-athomu anokungalingani enanini lama-neutron nama-proton angaba yi-radioactive futhi akhiphe imisebe ngokubola kwe-radioactive.
I-Boson: Izinhlayiya Ezithwala Amandla
Ama-Boson ayizinhlayiya ezithwala amandla ayisisekelo endaweni yonke. Kunezinhlayiya ezine eziyisisekelo: amandla adonsela phansi, amandla kagesi, amandla abuthakathaka, kanye namandla aqinile. Ngayinye yalezi zinhlayiya eziyisisekelo inenhlayiya yayo ethwalayo.
izithombe
Ama-photon ayizinhlayiya ezithwala amandla kagesi. Azinasisindo futhi zihamba ngesivinini sokukhanya. Ama-photon anesibopho sezinto ezifana nokukhanya, ukushisa, kanye neminye imisebe kagesi kagesi.
I-Gluon
Ama-Gluon ayizinhlayiya ezithwala amandla amakhulu, ezibopha ama-proton nama-neutron ndawonye ku-nucleus ye-athomu. Ngaphandle kwama-gluon, ama-proton nama-neutron ngeke akwazi ukuhlangana, futhi i-nucleus ye-athomu izoqhekeka.
Ama-bosons e-W kanye ne-Z
Ama-W kanye nama-Z boson ayizinhlayiya ezithwala amandla abuthakathaka. Amandla abuthakathaka abangela ezinye izinhlobo zokubola kwemisebe kanye nokusabela kwenuzi, njengokubola kwe-beta.
I-Graviton (I-Hypothetical)
I-graviton iyinhlayiya ecatshangelwayo, engakatholakali ephethe amandla adonsela phansi. Ukube amandla adonsela phansi abe nenhlayiya ethwalayo, bekuzolindeleka ukuthi ibe nobunzima obungu-zero futhi ihlanganyele kancane kakhulu nezinye izinto.
Ukusebenzisana Phakathi Kwezinhlayiya Ezingaphansi Kwe-Subatomic
Izinhlayiya ze-Subatomic ziyasebenzisana ngamandla ayisisekelo okukhulunywe ngawo ngaphambili. Lokhu kuxhumana phakathi kwezinhlayiya kunquma kakhulu izakhiwo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali zento.
Amandla kagesi
Amandla kagesi ahlanganisa ukusebenzisana kwezinhlayiya ezishajiwe, njenge-proton nama-electron. Amandla abangela iningi lezakhiwo zamakhemikhali nezomzimba esivame ukuzibona.
Amandla Aqinile
Amandla anamandla ngamandla ahlanganisa ama-proton nama-neutron ku-nucleus ye-athomu. Amandla anamandla kakhulu endaweni yonke, kodwa asebenza kuphela emabangeni amafushane kakhulu.
Amandla Abuthakathaka
Amandla abuthakathaka ahilelekile ekuboleni kwemisebe kanye nezinye izindlela zenuzi. Naphezu kwegama lawo, asadlala indima ebalulekile endaweni yonke.
Amandla Adonsela Phansi
Amandla adonsela phansi ngamandla adonsela izinhlayiya ezimbili zobukhulu komunye nomunye. Nakuba amandla adonsela phansi engamandla abuthakathaka kakhulu uma eqhathaniswa namanye amathathu, adlala indima ebalulekile ezikalini ezinkulu njengamaplanethi, izinkanyezi, kanye nemithala.
I-Quantum Mechanics kanye ne-Subatomic Particles
I-Quantum mechanics igatsha le-physics elichaza ukuziphatha kwezinhlayiya ezingaphansi kwe-atomic. Ngokungafani ne-physics yakudala, i-quantum mechanics ikhombisa ukuthi izinhlayiya ezingaphansi kwe-atomic zinezakhiwo ezifana namagagasi futhi azikwazi ukuba sendaweni eyodwa ngesikhathi.
Isimiso Sokungaqiniseki SikaHeisenberg
Isimiso sikaHeisenberg sokungaqiniseki sithi asinakwazi ukwazi indawo kanye nomfutho wenhlayiya ngasikhathi sinye ngokunemba okuphelele. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kuhlale kukhona ukungaqiniseki ekulinganisweni kwendawo kanye nomfutho wezinhlayiya ezingaphansi kwe-atomic.
Imisebenzi Yamagagasi kanye nama-Orbitals
Ku-quantum mechanics, izinhlayiya ze-subatomic zichazwa ngemisebenzi yamagagasi, enikeza amathuba okuthola izinhlayiya endaweni ethile. Ama-electron kuma-athomu, isibonelo, awahambi ezindleleni ezihleliwe njengamaplanethi, kodwa ezindleleni ezizungezayo ezinikeza kuphela amathuba okuba khona esifundeni esithile.
Izicelo kanye Nemiphumela
Ulwazi ngezinhlayiya ze-subatomic lunezindlela eziningi ezisebenzayo kanye nemiphumela yemfundiso. Kubuchwepheshe, ama-electron asetshenziswa kumadivayisi e-semiconductor nasemakhompiyutheni. Kwezokwelapha, imisebe evela kuma-isotopes anemisebe isetshenziswa ekuxilongweni nasekwelapheni umdlavuza. Ucwaningo ngezinhlayiya ze-subatomic luholele nasekuthuthukisweni kwamandla enuzi.
Ngokwethiyori, ukutadisha izinhlayiya ezingaphansi kwe-athomu kuholele ekuqondeni okujulile kwendawo yonke. I-Standard Model, ehlanganisa amandla amathathu kwamane ayisisekelo, inikeza uhlaka lokuqonda ukusebenzisana kwezinhlayiya. Kodwa-ke, amandla adonsela phansi awakahlanganiswa ngokugcwele kulo modeli, futhi ososayensi bayaqhubeka nokusebenza ukuthola inkolelo-mbono engahlanganisa wonke amandla abe uhlaka oluhambisanayo.
Isiphetho
Izinhlayiya ze-Subatomic ziyizingxenye eziyisisekelo zento ezakha konke okusemkhathini. Kusukela kuma-electron kuya kuma-proton nama-neutron, kuya kuma-boson athwala amandla, lezi zinhlayiya zidlala indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni izakhiwo zento. Ukutholakala nokuqonda izinhlayiya ze-subatomic kuvule iminyango eminingi yokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe nesayensi. I-Quantum mechanics inikeza umbono oyingqayizivele wokuziphatha kwalezi zinhlayiya, kuzihlukanisa nezinto ezinkulu ze-physics yakudala. Ucwaningo lwezinhlayiya ze-subatomic luhlala lungenye yezindawo ezijabulisa kakhulu nezinethonya kakhulu zocwaningo kwi-physics.
