Imiqondo Eyisisekelo Yethiyori Yezintambo
Ithiyori yezintambo iyigatsha lefiziksi yemfundiso ezama ukuchaza ubunjalo obuyisisekelo bendawo yonke ngokwethula umqondo wokuthi izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo aziwona amaphuzu, kodwa kunalokho ziyizinto ezinobukhulu obubodwa ezibizwa ngokuthi "izintambo." Lo mbono ungomunye wemizamo emikhulu kakhulu kwifiziksi yokuhlanganisa konke ukusebenzisana okuyisisekelo okwaziwayo—kufaka phakathi amandla adonsela phansi—ohlakeni olulodwa oluhambisanayo lwethiyori. Lesi sihloko sizochaza imiqondo eyisisekelo yethiyori yezintambo, ukuthi yathuthuka kanjani, kanye nemiphumela yayo kwifiziksi yanamuhla.
Isizinda Esifushane
Umqondo wemfundiso yezinhlayiya eziyisisekelo ku-physics yakudala uchazwa njengezinto ezingenakulinganiswa noma "amaphuzu." I-Quantum mechanics kanye nemfundiso evamile yokuhlobana kuye kwachaza ngempumelelo izici ezithile zendawo yonke, kodwa kuvela ubunzima lapho buhlanganiswa. Enye yezinselele ezinkulu ku-physics ukwakha "i-Theory of Everything" (ToE) engachaza zonke izimo zemvelo ngesethi eyodwa yemithetho. I-String theory ivele njengomuntu othembisayo wokuvala leli gebe.
Imiqondo Eyinhloko Yethiyori Yezintambo
Umqondo oyisisekelo wethiyori yezintambo ukuthi izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo azizona amaphuzu, kodwa ziyizintambo ezincane ezingaba ngu-10^-33 cm ubude (ezincane kakhulu kunalokho esingazibona ngobuchwepheshe bamanje). Lezi zintambo zingadlidliza ngezindlela ezahlukene, futhi lokhu kudlidliza okuhlukile kunquma uhlobo lwezinhlayiya ezikhiqizwayo. Ngakho-ke, zonke izinhlayiya endaweni yonke zingacatshangwa njengokubonakaliswa kwezintambo ezidlidliza ngamaphethini athile.
Izinhlobo Zezintambo
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zezintambo ku-theory yezintambo:
1. Intambo Evulekile: Intambo eneziphetho ezikhululekile.
2. Intambo Evaliwe: Intambo ezinhlangothi zayo zixhunywe ukwakha indilinga.
Lezi zinhlobo ezahlukene zokudlidliza kwezintambo zingamelela izinhlayiya ezahlukene. Isibonelo, ama-photon, ama-electron, ngisho nama-graviton (izinhlayiya ezicatshangelwayo ezithwala amandla adonsela phansi) ziye zaphakanyiswa njengokudlidliza okuyingqayizivele kwezintambo.
Ubukhulu obengeziwe
Esinye sezici ezithakazelisayo neziphikisanayo kakhulu zethiyori yezintambo ukwethula ubukhulu obengeziwe. Siphila ezweni elinezilinganiso ezintathu zendawo kanye nobukhulu besikhathi esisodwa, ukuze kube nezilinganiso ezine ngesikhathi sesikhala. Nokho, ithiyori yezintambo idinga izilinganiso ezingaphezu kwezine ukuze ivumelane ngokwezibalo. Ithiyori yezintambo elula idinga izilinganiso eziyi-10, kuyilapho izinguqulo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, njengethiyori ye-M, zidinga eziyi-11. Lokhu kuphakamisa umbuzo: lezi zilinganiso ezengeziwe ziya kuphi?
Incazelo ehlongozwayo iwukuthi lezi zilinganiso “zifihliwe” ezikalini ezincane kakhulu, zincane kakhulu ukuba zingabonwa ngqo. Le nqubo yaziwa ngokuthi ukuhlanganiswa. Enye imodeli eyaziwayo yokuhlanganiswa isikhala seCalabi-Yau, esivumela lezi zilinganiso ezengeziwe ukuthi zakhiwe futhi zihlangane ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo sezibalo esiyinkimbinkimbi kodwa esihlangene.
Ama-Superstring kanye ne-Super Symmetry
Enye yentuthuko enkulu ku-string theory kwaba ukufakwa kwe-supersymmetry, okwadala i-superstring theory. I-Supersymmetry isimiso sokuthi yonke inhlayiya ye-boson (ethwala amandla) inomlingani we-fermion (ethwala izinto), kanye nokuphikisana nalokho. I-Supersymmetry ayizange ibonwe ngokuhlola, kodwa ibhekwa njengethakazelisayo ngoba ingaxazulula izinkinga eziningana ku-particle physics, njengokuhlelwa kobuningi kanye nokuvumelana kwezibalo.
Ithiyori ye-Superstring idinga i-supersymmetry ukuze ithiyori ihambisane. Lokhu kusiholela ezinhlotsheni ezinhlanu ezahlukene zethiyori ye-superstring:
1. Uhlobo I
2. Uhlobo lwe-IIA
3. Uhlobo lwe-IIB
4. I-Heterotic-O
5. I-Heterotic-E
Ngayinye yalezi zinkolelo-mbono ezinhlanu ibeka izintambo esakhiweni esihlukile kancane futhi inendlela ehlukile yokuzihlanganisa.
I-Duality kanye ne-M-Theory
Nakuba kunemibono emihlanu ehlukene ye-superstring, ukutholakala kwe-duality kusho ukuthi le mibono emihlanu ye-superstring ingaba ukubonakaliswa okuhlukile kwemfundiso eyodwa eyisisekelo, ebizwa ngokuthi i-M-Theory. I-Duality ichaza isimo lapho imibono emibili ebonakala ihlukile empeleni iyincazelo efanayo ngaphansi kwezimo ezahlukene. Isibonelo, i-T-duality ixhumanisa uhlobo lwe-IIA nohlobo lwe-IIB, kanti i-S-duality ixhumanisa uhlobo lwe-I kanye ne-heterotic.
Ithiyori ye-M isathuthukiswa futhi iyindawo esebenzayo yocwaningo kwi-physics yethiyori. Iphakamisa ubukhulu obuyi-11 besikhala-isikhathi futhi yengeza izinto ezinobukhulu obuphakeme ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-membrane noma “ama-brane” ngaphezu kwezintambo.
Imiphumela kuFiziksi
Imiphumela yethiyori yezintambo, uma ifakazelwe ilungile, mikhulu kakhulu. Okokuqala, ingahlanganisa amandla adonsela phansi kanye ne-quantum mechanics ohlakeni olulodwa, oluhambisanayo, into i-physics yamanje engakayifezi. Iphinde inamandla okuvula indlela yokuqonda okujulile kwe-cosmology, ikakhulukazi kumongo we-Big Bang kanye ne-black hole singularity.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkolelo-mbono yezintambo ingaxazulula izinkinga ezahlukahlukene ku-physics yezinhlayiya, okuhlanganisa inkinga yokuhlelwa kwesisindo kanye nokungaguquguquki kwe-cosmological. Nakuba kusekhona ukugxekwa nokungabaza okuningi, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuntuleka kobufakazi bokuhlola obuqondile, inkolelo-mbono yezintambo iyaqhubeka nokuba ngenye yezindawo ezijabulisa kakhulu zocwaningo ku-physics.
Izinselele Nokugxekwa
Ithiyori yezintambo ibhekene nezinselele eziningana kanye nokugxekwa. Ukugxekwa okukhulu ukuntuleka kwezibikezelo ezingaqinisekiswa ngokuhlolwa. Izikali zamandla lapho imiphumela yethiyori yezintambo iba khona ibalulekile zingaphezu kwamandla obuchwepheshe bamanje bokuhlola. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezixazululo eziningi ezingaba khona zokuhlanganiswa kobukhulu obengeziwe, okuholela endaweni enkulu kakhulu yethiyori yezintambo, okwenza izibikezelo ezingahlolwa zibe nzima nakakhulu.
Sekukonke, inkolelo-mbono yezintambo iwumzamo omkhulu wokuhlanganisa yonke imithetho yendawo yonke ngaphakathi kohlaka olulodwa, oluhle noluhambisanayo. Nakuba ubufakazi bokuhlola bungasekho, le nkolelo-mbono yethule imibono eminingi emisha namathuluzi ezibalo avule izindlela ezintsha zokuhlola inkolelo-mbono. Ikusasa lenkolelo-mbono yezintambo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo ku-physics kusengomunye wemibuzo emikhulu elinde izimpendulo.
