Ubudlelwano Phakathi Kwamandla Nobuningi
Ukuhlola umhlaba wefiziksi kuvame ukusiholela emibonweni emangalisayo neyinguquko. Omunye wemibono eyisisekelo nebalulekile endaweni yonke ubudlelwano phakathi kwamandla nobuningi. Lobu budlelwano abugcini nje ngokuba yisisekelo sezinto eziningi zemvelo kodwa futhi buvule indlela yokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe kanye nokuqonda okujulile kwesakhiwo sendawo yonke.
Umbono Okhethekile Wokuhlobana
Ubudlelwano obudumile kakhulu phakathi kwamandla nobuningi batholakala ngu-Albert Einstein embonweni wakhe okhethekile wokuhlobana kwezinto. Isici esibalulekile sale mbono yi-equation eyaziwa kabanzi, i-E=mc². Kulesi sibalo, u-E umelela amandla, u-m umelela ubukhulu, kanti u-c uyijubane lokukhanya endaweni engenalutho, elingamamitha angu-299.792.458 ngomzuzwana.
U-Einstein waphakamisa ukuthi isisindo sento siyisilinganiso sokuqukethwe kwamandla ayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi isisindo sento singaguqulwa sibe amandla, futhi okuphambene nalokho. Le ndlela yabonisa ukungakwazi komphakathi wesayensi ngaphambi kuka-Einstein ukuqonda ukuthi indawo yonke isebenza kanjani ezingeni eliyisisekelo.
Ukuqonda Isimiso se-E=mc²
I-equation E=mc² isho ukuthi ngisho nenani elincane lesisindo lingaguqulwa libe inani elikhulu lamandla. Empilweni yansuku zonke, lo mphumela awubonakali kakhulu ngoba ijubane lokukhanya likhulu kakhulu futhi lidinga izimo ezimbi kakhulu ukuguqula i-mass ibe amandla. Kodwa-ke, lesi sibalo sinemiphumela ebalulekile, ikakhulukazi ku-physics yenuzi.
Isibonelo, ekusabeleni kwenuzi, njengokuhlangana nokuhlukana, inani elincane kakhulu lesisindo liguqulwa libe inani elikhulu lamandla. Ekuqhumeni kwebhomu le-athomu noma i-reactor yenuzi, amandla okusabalala kwenuzi noma ukuhlukana abonisa ukuthi inani elincane lesisindo lingakhiqiza inani elikhulu kakhulu lamandla, ngokuvumelana nezibikezelo ezenziwe yizibalo zika-Einstein.
Ukuguqulwa Kwesisindo Namandla Ekuhlanganisweni Kwenuzi
Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-nuclear, ukuhlangana kwe-nuclei ethile ye-athomu ukuze kwakheke i-nuclei esindayo, kuyisibonelo esicacile sobudlelwano phakathi kwamandla nobuningi. Isibonelo, enkabeni yeLanga, i-hydrogen ihlangana ukuze yakhe i-helium, ikhiqize amandla amaningi aphuma emkhathini futhi enze iLanga libe umthombo wamandla okuphila eMhlabeni.
Kule nqubo, isisindo esiphelele sezinhlayiya ngaphambi kokuhlanganiswa sikhulu kunesisindo semikhiqizo ngemva kokuhlanganiswa. Lo mehluko ngesisindo (isisindo esilahlekile) uguqulwa ube amandla ngokusho kwe-E=mc². Izinqubo ezifanayo zenzeka kwezinye izinkanyezi ezinkulu endaweni yonke, futhi ukuhlanganiswa kwe-nuclear kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuziphendukeleni kwezinkanyezi kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezisindayo.
Ukuqhekeka Kwenuzi kanye Nezicelo Zakho
Ukuhlukana kuphambene nokuhlanganiswa: ukuhlukana kwama-nuclei asindayo e-athomu abe ama-nuclei amancane, alula. Ukusetshenziswa kokuhlukana kwe-nuclei njengomthombo wamandla kwaqala maphakathi nekhulu lama-20 ngentuthuko yobuchwepheshe be-reactor yenuzi. Lokhu kwabeka isisekelo samandla enuzi njengendlela ehlukile yamandla esimeme.
Ekusabeleni kokuhlukana, njengalokho kwe-uranium-235 noma i-plutonium-239, i-nucleus esindayo ihlukana ibe yi-nuclei ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ezilula, ikhipha ama-neutron kanye nenani elincane lamandla. Kule nqubo, ubuningi obuthile buyalahleka buguqulwe bube amandla.
Ukusetshenziswa kanye Nemiphumela Yobuchwepheshe
Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla avela ebuhlotsheni obuphakathi kobuningi namandla kunezindlela eziningi ezisebenzayo. Isibonelo, amandla enuzi abe umthombo omkhulu kagesi emazweni amaningi, kunciphisa ukuncika kumafutha emvelo futhi kusiza ukubhekana nezinkinga zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuqonda okujulile kwalobu budlelwano kunikeza isisekelo sesayensi emikhakheni yezinhlayiya eziyisisekelo kanye ne-cosmology. Ucwaningo ngezinhlayiya ezingaphansi kwe-athomu, njenge-proton kanye ne-neutron, lunikeza ukuqonda ngesakhiwo esiyisisekelo sendaba. Ukuhlolwa kwe-particle accelerators, njenge-Large Hadron Collider (LHC), kuyaqhubeka nokuhlola imikhawulo yokuqonda kwethu ubukhulu namandla.
Kodwa-ke, kukhona nohlangothi olumnyama kulolu hlelo lokusebenza. Isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla enuzi ngezinjongo zempi ngendlela yamabhomu e-athomu kube nemiphumela emibi kubantu kanye nemvelo, njengoba kubonakala ekuqhumeni kwamabhomu eHiroshima naseNagasaki eMpini Yezwe II. Ngakho-ke, ulwazi ngokuguqulwa kwesisindo sibe amandla ludinga ukulawulwa okuqinile kanye nokulawulwa.
Amandla Amnyama kanye Nezinto Ezimnyama
Emashumini eminyaka ambalwa edlule kube nentuthuko kwezesayensi yezinkanyezi kanye nesayensi yezinkanyezi ephakamisa ukuthi ingxenye enkulu yendawo yonke yakhiwe ngamandla angabonwa, noma amandla amnyama, kanye nobunzima obungabonakali, noma into emnyama. Kucatshangwa ukuthi amandla amnyama ayimbangela yokwanda okusheshayo kwendawo yonke, kuyilapho into emnyama ichaza amandla adonsela phansi abonwayo izinto ezivamile ezingenakukwazi ukuwachaza.
Ukutholakala kwamandla amnyama nezinto ezidaliwe kuyinselele ekuqondeni kwethu okuvamile kwendawo yonke futhi kusunduza imingcele yefiziksi ezingeni eliyisisekelo. Kudingeka izifundo ezengeziwe ukuze kucaciswe uhlobo lwamandla angabonakali kanye nobukhulu, kanye nemiphumela yawo emithethweni yefiziksi esiyisebenzisayo.
Isiphetho
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwamandla nobukhulu, obuchazwe yi-equation E=mc², buvula izingqondo zethu ezweni elijulile nelishintshayo le-physics. Lesi sibalo asisona nje isisekelo semfundiso ye-physics, kodwa futhi sinezinhlelo zokusebenza ezibanzi ezisebenzayo, kokubili ngesimo samandla enuzi kagesi kanye nokuqonda isakhiwo sendawo yonke.
Imiphumela kanye nokusetshenziswa kobudlelwano phakathi kobuningi namandla akushintshi nje kuphela indlela esibona ngayo umhlaba, kodwa futhi kuthinte izimpilo zethu zansuku zonke kanye nekusasa lempucuko yabantu. Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo ocwaningweni nasebuchwephesheni, cishe sizothola ukuceba okwengeziwe kanye nomqondo okuvela kulokhu kuxhumana okujulile phakathi kwamandla nobuningi.
