Izibonelo Zokusetshenziswa Kwefiziksi Kwezemidlalo
Ezemidlalo zivame ukuqondwa njengemisebenzi encike emandleni emisipha, ukukhuthazela, kanye namasu omdlalo. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kokunyakaza kwawo wonke umdlali—kusukela ekugijimeni okusheshayo kuya ekukhahleleni okugobile kuya ekugxumeni okuphezulu—kunemithetho yefiziksi esebenzayo. Ifiziksi isiza ukuchaza ukuthi kungani ibhola lijikeleza futhi lishintsha indlela, ukuthi umdlali angagxuma kanjani phezulu, noma ukuthi kungani izikhundla ezithile zomzimba zenza ukubhukuda kusheshe. Ukuqonda imiqondo yefiziksi kwezemidlalo akugcini nje ngokuthakazelisa ngokwesayensi kodwa futhi kuyazuzisa ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza, ukunciphisa ingozi yokulimala, kanye nokwenza ngcono amasu okuqeqesha.
1. Imithetho kaNewton kanye Nokunyakaza Komdlali Wezemidlalo
Imithetho kaNewton iyisisekelo sokuqonda ukunyakaza kwezemidlalo. Umthetho Wokuqala kaNewton (inertia) uchaza ukuthi into izohlala iphumule noma inyakaze njalo emgqeni oqondile ngaphandle kokuthi isetshenziswe amandla. Esimweni sezemidlalo, ibhola eligingqika enkundleni lizoqhubeka nokuhamba kuze kube yilapho ukungqubuzana kanye nokumelana nomoya kuyimisa. Abasubathi nabo bahlangabezana nokunganyakazi lapho beqala noma bemisa ukunyakaza; yingakho abagijimi bedinga ukusunduzwa okunamandla okuvela ezinyaweni zabo ukuze baphule ukuphumula futhi baqale ukugijima.
UMthetho Wesibili KaNewton (F = m·a) uthi ukusheshisa kuncike kokubili emandleni nasebunzini. Isibonelo, ekuphakamiseni izisindo, lapho umsubathi esebenzisa amandla amakhulu, kulapho ukusheshisa okuphezulu kwe-barbell kukhulu khona. Kodwa-ke, lapho ubukhulu be-barbell bukhulu, kulapho amandla adingekayo ukuze kukhiqizwe ukusheshisa okufanayo. Kwezemidlalo ezifana ne-rugby noma ibhola laseMelika, ubunzima bomzimba womdlali buphinde buthonye ukusheshisa kanye nokusunduza ngesikhathi sokugijima noma ukushayisana.
Umthetho Wesithathu kaNewton (isenzo-ukusabela) ubonakala ngokucacile ekugxumeni. Lapho umsubathi esunduza phansi ngamandla athile, umhlabathi usebenzisa amandla okusabela alinganayo kodwa aphambene, eqhubela umsubathi phezulu. Uma amandla amakhulu futhi kunembile ukuthi ukusunduza kuqondiswe kanjani, kulapho amandla okusabela aphakamisa umzimba eba makhulu khona.
2. Umfutho kanye Nomfutho Ekushayisaneni Nasekushayweni
Umfutho uwumphumela wobukhulu kanye nesivinini (p = m·v). Kwezemidlalo eziningi, umfutho udlala indima ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kokunyakaza. Isibonelo, umdlali webhowula uzokhipha ukuphonsa okunamandla lapho ibhola linesivinini esikhulu kanye nobunzima obanele. Ebholeni, umfutho wonyawo olukhahlelayo unquma ukuthi ibhola lihamba ngesivinini esingakanani.
I-Impulse ihlobene noshintsho ku-momentum (I = F Δt). Ekudutshulweni kwethenisi noma kwe-badminton, ukwandisa isikhathi sokuxhumana kwe-racket nebhola/i-shuttlecock (ngisho nangengxenye yomzuzwana) kungandisa i-impact, okubangela ukuthi ibhola/i-shuttlecock ihambe ngokushesha. Lo mqondo uchaza nokuthi kungani kusetshenziswa amagilavu ebhokisi: andisa isikhathi sokuxhumana sokudubula, anciphise amandla aphezulu, asize ekunciphiseni ukulimala.
3. Amandla, Umsebenzi, kanye Namandla Ekusebenzeni
Ku-physics, umsebenzi uyenzeka lapho amandla ebangela ukufuduka (W = F·s). Ekugibeleni ibhayisikili, umsubathi wenza umsebenzi lapho egibela ibhayisikili ukuze ahambise ibhayisikili phambili. Amandla asetshenziswayo angavela emandleni amakhemikhali emzimbeni, aguqulwa abe amandla omshini.
Amandla e-kinetic (Ek = ½ m v²) anda kakhulu njengoba isivinini sikhuphuka ngoba kuncike esikweleni sejubane. Yingakho ukwanda okuncane kwesivinini sokugijima kungabangela ukwanda okukhulu kwamandla. Amandla adonsela phansi (Ep = m g h) abonakala ekugxumeni okuphezulu nasekukhuphukeni kwamatshe, lapho abasubathi “begcina” amandla njengokuphakama.
Amandla yisilinganiso sokwenza umsebenzi (P = W/t). Ku-sprint yamamitha ayi-100, abasubathi badinga amandla aphezulu ukuze bakhiqize ukusheshisa okukhulu ngesikhathi esifushane. Okwamanje, ku-marathon, amandla ajwayelekile angase abe ngaphansi kodwa kumele agcinwe isikhathi eside kakhulu. Lo mehluko ezidingweni zamandla uchaza umehluko ohlotsheni lomzimba kanye nokuqeqeshwa phakathi kwabasubathi nabagijimi bamabanga amade.
4. I-Aerodynamics: Ukumelana Nomoya kanye Nesikhundla Somzimba
Ukumelana nomoya (ukuhudula) kubalulekile emidlalweni yesivinini esikhulu njengokugibela ibhayisikili, ukushwibeka ngejubane, ukushushuluza eqhweni, noma umjaho wezimoto. Ukuhudula kuthonywa ukuma komzimba, indawo enqamula izigaba, kanye nesivinini. Abagibeli bamabhayisikili abagijimayo bavame ukugoba futhi bacindezele imizimba yabo ukuze banciphise indawo enqamula izigaba futhi bakhe ukuhamba komoya okubushelelezi.
Izingubo zemidlalo nazo zenzelwe ukuba zihambisane nomoya. Ekubhukudeni okuncintisanayo, isibonelo, izingubo zokubhukuda zenzelwe ngqo ukunciphisa ukuhudula nokwandisa ukusebenza kahle kwemisipha. Lokhu kusebenza nasezigqokweni zamabhayisikili nezicathulo zokugijima, ezenzelwe ngqo ukunciphisa ukulahleka kwamandla.
5. Umphumela we-Magnus: Ukujika Nokujika Ibhola
Wake wakubona ukukhahlela ibhola nge-free kick ngokushesha, noma ibhola le-tennis "licwila" ngemva kokushaywa nge-topspin? Lesi simo sichazwa umphumela we-Magnus. Lapho ibhola lijikeleza, ukuhamba komoya ohlangothini olulodwa lwebhola kuhamba ngokushesha kunolunye, okudala umehluko wokucindezela. Lo mehluko wokucindezela ukhiqiza amandla achezukisa indlela yebhola.
Ebholeni likanobhutshuzwayo, ukujikijela ibhola kuvumela ukuthi ligobe phezu kodonga. Ethenisi, i-topspin inikeza amandla okwehla, okwenza ibhola lehle ngokushesha futhi ligxume phezulu, okwenza kube nzima kumphikisi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, i-backspin ingenza ibhola lindize isikhathi eside futhi ligxume phansi, okuvame ukubonakala kuma-slice shots.
6. I-Angle Yokuphonsa Nokunyakaza Okumangalisayo
Imidlalo eminingi ihilela ukunyakaza kwe-parabolic (okuyi-projectile), njengokuphonsa i-javelin, i-shot put, i-basketball, kanye nebhola likanobhutshuzwayo. Okungcono kakhulu, ngaphandle kokumelana nomoya, i-engeli engama-degree angu-45 inikeza ibanga elikhulu kakhulu lejubane lokuqala elinikeziwe. Kodwa-ke, ezimweni zangempela, izici ezifana nokuphakama kokuqala, ukumelana nomoya, kanye nendlela yokukhulula ingahluka.
Kubhasikidi, abadlali kumele balungise i-engeli yabo yokudubula ukuze bakhe i-arc efanele ukuze kube nethuba elikhulu lokushaya ibhasikidi. Uma i-arc iphakeme, ifasitela lebhola liba likhulu, kodwa kudinga ukulawulwa kwamandla okunembe kakhudlwana.
7. Ukungqubuzana: Isihluthulelo Sokudonsa Nokulawula
Ukungqubuzana kudlala indima ebalulekile cishe kuyo yonke imidlalo. Izicathulo zebhola zisebenzisa ama-studs ukwandisa ukungqubuzana phansi, okuvimbela abadlali ukuthi bangasheleli ngenkathi begijima futhi bejika. Kwezemidlalo, ama-spikes ezicathulweni zabagijimi abagijimayo asiza ukubamba ithrekhi, okwenza ukusunduza emuva kube ngcono kakhulu ekukhiqizeni ukusheshisa phambili.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, eminye imidlalo empeleni ihlose ukunciphisa ukungqubuzana. Ukushushuluza eqhweni kanye nokushushuluza eqhweni kusebenzisa izindawo ezishelelayo ukuze kuvunyelwe abasubathi ukuba bashelele ngokushesha. Ekubhukudeni, umgomo oyinhloko ukunciphisa ukungqubuzana namanzi, okuvumela umzimba ukuthi ushukume ngamandla amancane.
8. Ibhalansi, Isikhungo Sobuningi, Nokuzinza
Ibhalansi yomzimba inqunywa indawo ephakathi kwesisindo nendawo yokusekela. Ku-gymnastics yaphansi, abasubathi balawula indawo ephakathi kwesisindo sabo ukuze bahlale ngaphezu kwendawo yokusekela ngesikhathi sokuma noma sokufika. Ku-wrestling kanye ne-judo, ukwehlisa umphikisi kuvame ukufezwa ngokususa indawo ephakathi kwesisindo sakhe endaweni yokusekela, okumlahla ebhalansini.
Ezemidlalo ezifana nokuskateboarding noma ukusurfa, ukuzinza kuthonywa ikhono lomsubathi lokuhambisa isikhungo sesisindo ngokushesha ukuze avumelane namandla ashintshayo ebhodini naphezu kwalo.
I-Penutup
Ukusetshenziswa kwefiziksi kwezemidlalo akuyona nje imfundiso ezincwadini, kodwa yiqiniso elikhona kuyo yonke imidlalo kanye neseshini yokuqeqesha. Imithetho kaNewton ichaza ukunyakaza namandla, i-impulse kanye nomfutho kuchaza imithelela kanye nokushayisana, imiqondo yamandla namandla ibonisa izidingo zokusebenza, kuyilapho i-aerodynamics, umphumela we-Magnus, ukunyakaza kwe-parabolic, ukungqubuzana, kanye nokulingana kunikela ekuqondeni okujulile kobuchwepheshe. Ngokuqonda ifiziksi, abasubathi nabaqeqeshi bangenza ngcono isu, bathuthukise ubuchwepheshe, bakhethe imishini efanele, futhi banciphise ingozi yokulimala. Ekugcineni, ezemidlalo ziwubufakazi bokuthi isayensi kanye nekhono lomuntu kungahlangana ukukhiqiza ukusebenza okungavamile.
