Ukusetshenziswa kweFiziksi Embonini Yezimoto
I-Pengantar
Imboni yezimoto iyaqhubeka nokusungula izinto ezintsha futhi ithola intuthuko esheshayo nsuku zonke. Esinye sezici eziyinhloko eziqhuba le ntuthuko ukusetshenziswa kwefiziksi. Ifiziksi idlala indima ebalulekile ezicini ezahlukene zokuklama izimoto, ukukhiqiza, kanye nokusebenza kwazo. Lesi sihloko sizohlola ukuthi izinhlelo zokusebenza zefiziksi zisetshenziswa kanjani embonini yezimoto ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwezimoto, ukuphepha, induduzo, kanye nokusebenza kwazo.
Ukusetshenziswa Kahle Kwamandla Nokusetshenziswa Kaphethiloli
I-Aerodynamics
I-Aerodynamics igatsha le-physics elibalulekile ekwakhiweni kwezimoto. Lesi simiso sibhekene nendlela umoya ohamba ngayo emotweni njengoba ihamba. Ukwakheka okuhle kwe-aerodynamic kunganciphisa ukumelana nomoya (ukuhudula), okube sekuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli. Onjiniyela basebenzisa imigudu yomoya kanye nokulingisa kwekhompyutha ukuhlola ukwakheka kwezimoto nokuqinisekisa ukuthi zinciphisa ukuhudula ukuze zigibele kahle futhi zisebenzise kahle uphethiloli.
Isisindo Nokusatshalaliswa
Ukunciphisa isisindo semoto kuyindlela ephumelelayo yokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli. Isimiso sefiziksi sithi uma imoto ilula, kulapho idinga amandla amancane ukuyihambisa. Ngakho-ke, izinto ezilula njenge-aluminium, i-magnesium, kanye ne-carbon fiber sezithandwa kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwezimoto zanamuhla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusatshalaliswa kwesisindo esifanele nakho kubalulekile ekugcineni ibhalansi yemoto nokuzinza, okuhlobene nokuguquguquka kwezimoto.
I-Braking System
Amandla Nokungqubuzana
Uhlelo lokubhuleka lusebenzisa izimiso eziyisisekelo zamandla nokungqubuzana ukuze lumise imoto. Uma i-pedal yebhuleki icindezelwe, uhlelo lwe-hydraulic lwandisa ingcindezi esetshenziselwa ukusunduza ama-brake pad ngokumelene ne-brake disc. Ukungqubuzana phakathi kwama-pads ne-disc kudala ukushisa kanye nokwehla kwejubane, ekugcineni kumise imoto. Ngokwenza ngcono izinto zokwakha kanye nomklamo wohlelo lokubhuleka, onjiniyela bangathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokubhuleka futhi banciphise amathuba okulimala kwezingxenye.
Uhlelo Lokumisa
Ukucaca Nokunciphisa Umswakama
Umsebenzi oyinhloko wesistimu yokumiswa ukumunca ukushaqeka nokugcina ukuxhumana phakathi kwesondo nomgwaqo ukuze umgibeli akhululeke futhi aphephe. Izimiso zomzimba ezisetshenziswayo lapha ukuqina nokuncishiswa. Uhlelo oluhle lokumiswa luthuthukisa lezi zici ezimbili ukuze lunikeze impendulo efanele ezimweni ezahlukene zomgwaqo. Ukusetshenziswa kwezithasiselo zokushaqeka ezisebenza ngegesi noma uwoyela kuyisibonelo sokusetshenziswa kwefiziksi ezinhlelweni zokumiswa.
Ochwepheshe beNewton
Ukunyakaza kanye Nomfutho
Izimiso ze-mechanics yaseNewtonian ziyisisekelo sezici eziningi zokuklama okuzenzakalelayo. Umthetho wokuqala kaNewton, obhekene ne-inertia, uchaza ukuthi kungani imoto idinga amandla anele ukuqala ukunyakaza nokunqoba ukumelana njengokumelana nomoya kanye nokungqubuzana. Umthetho wesibili, ochaza ubudlelwano phakathi kwamandla, isisindo, kanye nokusheshisa (F=ma), wakha isisekelo sokubala ukusebenza kwenjini kanye nokuklama izingxenye ezifana nokudluliselwa kanye nezinhlelo zokuqondisa.
Ukuguquguquka Kwezimoto
I-Vehicle dynamics isebenzisa izimiso ze-physics ukuhlaziya nokubikezela ukuziphatha kwemoto ngaphansi kwezimo ezahlukahlukene. Isibonelo, lapho imoto ijika, kudingeka amandla aphakathi nendawo ukuze kugcinwe umzila wayo. Amapharamitha anjengejubane, i-turn radius, kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwesisindo kuthonya ukuthi imoto ingayenza kahle kangakanani le ndlela. Izinhlelo zesimanje zokuzinza ezifana nokulawula ukudonswa kanye nokulawula ukuzinza kwe-elekthronikhi (ESC) zenzelwe ukusebenzisa izimiso ze-vehicle dynamics ukuthuthukisa ukuphepha nokusebenza.
Ubuchwepheshe Bezogesi Neze-elekthronikhi
Uhlelo Lokushayela Ngogesi
Izimoto zikagesi (ama-EV) zingenye yezinto ezintsha ezihamba phambili embonini yezimoto, zisebenzisa izimiso zefiziksi ekusebenzeni kwazo. Isimiso esiyisisekelo somthetho ka-Ohm (V=IR), ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-voltage, i-current, kanye nokumelana, sibalulekile ekwakhiweni kwamabhethri nezinhlelo zokushayela kagesi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuguqulwa kwamandla kusuka kumakhemikhali kuya kugesi kumabhethri kanye nokusuka kugesi kuya komshini kuma-motor okuqhuba kuhilela izimiso ezahlukene zefiziksi kanye nobunjiniyela be-electrochemical.
Ubuchwepheshe Benzwa kanye Ne-Actuator
Izinhlelo ze-elekthronikhi ezifana nezinhlelo zokubhuleka ezilwa nokukhiya (i-ABS), ama-airbag, kanye nezinhlelo zokuzulazula zisebenzisa izinzwa ukukala imingcele ehlukahlukene yomzimba efana nokucindezela, isivinini, kanye nokusheshisa. Lezi zinzwa bese zithumela idatha kuyunithi yokulawula kagesi (i-ECU), ecubungula ulwazi bese ithumela amasignali kuma-actuator ukuze enze imisebenzi ethile. Isibonelo, ohlelweni lwe-ABS, izinzwa ziqapha isivinini sesondo futhi zilawule ingcindezi yamabhuleki ukuze zivimbele ukuvalelwa kwesondo ngesikhathi sokubhuleka okuphuthumayo.
Ukudluliselwa Kokushisa kanye neThermodynamics
Uhlelo Lokupholisa
Uhlelo lokupholisa lwemoto lugcina izinga lokushisa elifanele kakhulu lenjini. Isimiso sokudlulisa ukushisa sisetshenziswa lapha, lapho i-coolant imunca ukushisa okuvela enjinini bese ikukhipha nge-radiator. Ukusetshenziswa kwamaphiko okupholisa kanye nefeni ye-radiator kusheshisa inqubo yokushabalalisa ukushisa emoyeni. Izimiso zokuqhuba ukushisa kanye ne-convection zakha isisekelo sokuklama nokwenza ngcono izinhlelo zokupholisa izimoto.
Ukusebenza Kahle Komshini
Izinjini zokushisa zangaphakathi zisebenza ngomjikelezo we-thermodynamic, okungukuthi umjikelezo we-Otto noma we-Diesel. Izimiso ezifana nemithetho yokuqala neyesibili ye-thermodynamics zisetshenziselwa ukuhlaziya ukusebenza kahle kwenjini kanye namandla okushisa akhiqizwa ekushisweni kukaphethiloli. Onjiniyela balwela ukwandisa lokhu kusebenza kahle ngokwandisa izilinganiso zokucindezela, ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokujova uphethiloli, nokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-turbocharging ukwandisa ukukhishwa kwamandla ngaphandle kokwandisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli.
Isiphetho
I-physics idlala indima ebalulekile ezicini eziningi zomkhakha wezimoto. Kusukela ekuklanyweni kwe-aerodynamic kanye nezinhlelo zokubhuleka kuya ekumisweni, kuya kubuchwepheshe bukagesi kanye ne-thermodynamic, izimiso ze-physics zisetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwezimoto, ukuphepha, kanye nokusebenza kwazo. Ukusetshenziswa okuphumelelayo kwe-physics akugcini nje ngokwenza kube lula ukuthuthukiswa kwezimoto ezithuthuke kakhulu nezinenani eliphezulu kodwa futhi kusekela imizamo yamandla kanye nokulondolozwa kwemvelo. Ikusasa lomkhakha wezimoto lizoqhubeka nokuthonywa yizinto ezintsha ku-physics kanye nobuchwepheshe, okuletha ushintsho oluqhubekayo kanye nentuthuko endleleni esishayela ngayo.
