I-Rationalism vs I-Empiricism
Impikiswano phakathi kwe-rationalism kanye ne-empiricism ingenye yezahluko ezichaza kakhulu emlandweni wefilosofi yolwazi (i-epistemology). Zombili zifuna ukuphendula umbuzo oyisisekelo: ulwazi oluthembekile luvelaphi? Kodwa-ke, zinikeza izimpendulo ezihlukile. I-Rationalism igcizelela indima yesizathu kanye nesizathu njengomthombo oyinhloko wolwazi, kuyilapho i-empiricism igomela ngokuthi ulwazi lwezinzwa luyisisekelo esibaluleke kakhulu. Lokhu kungqubuzana kwakungeyona nje ingxoxo yezemfundo; umthelela wayo uzwakala namuhla endleleni esiqonda ngayo isayensi, imfundo, izindlela zocwaningo, ngisho nendlela abantu abahlulela ngayo iqiniso ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.
Ukuqonda Ukucabanga Okunengqondo
I-Rationalism iyisikole sokucabanga esikholelwa ukuthi ukucabanga (i-ration) kuwumthombo wolwazi obaluleke kakhulu nothembekile. Ngokusho kwabacabangi be-rational, kunezinhlobo zolwazi ezingaxhomekile kokuhlangenwe nakho kwezinzwa. Lolu lwazi lungatholakala ngezinqubo zokucabanga, ukutholwa okunengqondo, kanye nezimiso ezibhekwa njengezisobala.
Umuntu odumile kakhulu we-rationalism nguRené Descartes. Udume ngesitatimende sakhe esithi "Cogito, ergo sum" (ngicabanga ukuthi, ngakho-ke nginguye). Ngokombono wakhe, ukungabaza kuyindlela yokuhlunga ulwazi oluqinisekile ngempela. UDescartes wayekholelwa ukuthi izinzwa zingakhohlisa, ngakho ulwazi lweqiniso kumelwe lube nokuqiniseka okungenakuphikiswa, futhi lokhu kutholakala ngokucabanga.
Ngaphandle kukaDescartes, abantu ababalulekile ekuqondeni izinto ngokwengqondo kwakunguBaruch Spinoza noGottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. USpinoza wayebheka umhlaba njengohlelo olungaqondwa ngezakhiwo ezinengqondo, kanti uLeibniz wayephikisana ngokuthi ingqondo yomuntu inezimiso zangaphakathi (imibono yangaphakathi) ezisenza sikwazi ukuqonda iqiniso.
Ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe-rationalism, izibalo zivame ukubhekwa njengesibonelo esihle. Akudingeki "sikubone" ngqo ukuze sazi ukuthi u-2+2=4; sikuqonda ngemithetho ye-logic kanye nemibono eqondwa yisizathu.
Ukuqonda i-Empiricism
Ngokuphambene ne-rationalism, i-empiricism igomela ngokuthi umthombo oyinhloko wolwazi ulwazi, ikakhulukazi ulwazi lwezinzwa: ukubona, ukuzwa, ukuthinta, ukuhogela, nokunambitha. I-Empiricists iphikisa ngokuthi abantu abanazo imibono yangaphakathi; ingqondo ekuqaleni ifana ne-blank slate (tabula rasa), futhi ulwazi "lubhala" okuqukethwe yiyo.
Umuntu ohamba phambili ekubuseni kwakunguJohn Locke, owasungula umqondo we-tabula rasa. Ngokusho kukaLocke, yonke imibono eyinkimbinkimbi iqala ngokuhlangenwe nakho okulula okucutshungulwa ngokuzindla nokuhlangana.
Esinye isibalo esibalulekile, uGeorge Berkeley, wagcizelela ukuthi ukuba khona kwento ethile kuhlobene kakhulu nokuqonda: “esse est percipi” (ukuba khona kufanele kuqondwe). Phakathi naleso sikhathi, uDavid Hume wathatha ubuciko bokucabanga wabubeka engcupheni yokungabaza. UHume wayengabaza umqondo wembangela nomphumela njengento “eqinisekile” ngokunengqondo; waphikisana ngokuthi imbangela nomphumela kumane kuyimikhuba yokucabanga eyakhiwe ukubuka kwethu njalo izenzakalo ezimbili ezenzeka ngokulandelana.
Ezweni lanamuhla, ubuciko buhlotshaniswa kakhulu nendlela yesayensi. Isayensi incike ekubukeni, ekuhlolweni, ekulinganisweni, nasekuqinisekisweni. Izimangalo ezingenakuhlolwa ngokwesayensi zivame ukubhekwa njengezibuthakathaka noma ezingezona ezesayensi.
Umehluko Obalulekile Phakathi Kokucabanga Nokucabanga
Umehluko phakathi kwe-rationalism kanye ne-empiricism ungabonakala kulezi zici ezilandelayo:
1. Umthombo wolwazi
- Ukucabanga Okunengqondo: ukucabanga, ukucabanga okunengqondo, ukuqonda okuqondile.
– Ubuciko: ulwazi lwezinzwa, ukubuka, ukuqaliswa.
2. Imibono yemvelo
– Ukucabanga Okunengqondo: ukwamukela ukuthi kungenzeka imibono engaphakathi.
– Ubuciko: ukulahla imibono yangaphakathi; yonke imibono ivela kokuhlangenwe nakho.
3. Indlela yokuthola iqiniso
– Ukucabanga Okunengqondo: kugcizelela ukuqiniseka okunengqondo kanye nesakhiwo somqondo.
– Ubuqambi: kugcizelela ukuhlolwa ngemininingwane kanye nobufakazi obubonakalayo.
4. Izibonelo ze-Anachronic nezesimanje
– Ukucabanga okunengqondo kudlula konke ezibalweni kanye nasekucabangeni okusemthethweni.
– Ubuqhawe buhamba phambili kwisayensi yokuhlola kanye nocwaningo lwasensimini.
Nokho, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi akuzona zonke izinkinga ezingaxazululwa ngendlela eyodwa. Isibonelo, ku-physics, ukutholwa kwethiyori kuvame ukudinga amamodeli ezibalo (anengqondo), kodwa ubufakazi bawo budinga ukuhlolwa (okubonakalayo).
Amandla Nobuthakathaka Bokucabanga Okunengqondo
Inzuzo ye-rationalism yikhono layo lokuchaza ulwazi olubonakala luyinto yonke futhi oluqinisekile, njengemithetho ye-logic kanye nezibalo. I-Rationalism iphinde ikhuthaze ukucabanga okuhlelekile, okuvumelanayo, nokujulile.
Kodwa-ke, ukucabanga okunengqondo kunobuthakathaka uma kuncike kakhulu ezintweni ezingabonakali. Uma kungaqondiswa ngokoqobo, ukucabanga kungaveza imibono emihle engasekelwe eqinisweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimangalo ngemibono engokwemvelo zivame ukuba nzima ukuzifakazela ngokuphelele.
Amandla Nobuthakathaka Bokubusa Kwamandla
Ubu-Empiricism budlula konke ngenxa yokuthi busondelene namaqiniso aqondile kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho. Kwisayensi yanamuhla, indlela yokucwaninga isiza abantu ukuthi bakhiqize ubuchwepheshe obuwusizo ngoba ulwazi luvivinywa ngokuhlola.
Kodwa i-empiricism nayo inemingcele yayo. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwemizwa kuyaphosisa, kunqunyelwe, futhi kuthonywa umongo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-empiricism ngezinye izikhathi inenkinga yokuchaza imiqondo engabonakali "engabonakali ngokushesha." Ukugxekwa okuvamile kwe-empiricism ukuthi idatha yodwa ayiholeli ngokuzenzakalelayo ekuqondeni; abantu basadinga izinhlaka zomqondo kanye nokucabanga ukuze bahumushe ulwazi.
Umzamo Wokwenza Izinto: U-Immanuel Kant
Impikiswano phakathi kokucabanga okunengqondo kanye nokuqonda izinto ezingokoqobo yafinyelela iphuzu elibalulekile emcabangweni ka-Immanuel Kant. UKant waphikisana ngokuthi ulwazi luvela ekuhlanganisweni kwalokhu okubili: ulwazi luhlinzeka "ngezinto ezibonakalayo," kanti ukucabanga kunikeza "ifomu" noma isakhiwo sokukuqonda. Ngokwemigomo kaKant, "ulwazi olungenazo izinkomba luyimpumputhe, imiqondo engenazo izinkomba ayilutho."
Ngakho-ke, uKant akazange avumelane ngokuphelele nomqondo noma ubuhlakani, kodwa kunalokho wafuna ukuhlanganisa lokhu kokubili. Wachaza ukuthi abantu banezinhlobo ezithile zokuqonda (njengesikhala, isikhathi, imbangela kanye nomphumela) ezenza okuhlangenwe nakho kuhlelwe kube ulwazi.
Ukufaneleka Enkathini Yanamuhla
Ezweni lanamuhla, impikiswano phakathi kokucabanga kanye nokuqonda izinto ezingokoqobo isabalulekile. Ocwaningweni lwesayensi, sibona inhlanganisela yalokhu okubili: imibono kanye namamodeli (okunengqondo) asetshenziswa ukubikezela izenzakalo, bese kuhlolwa ngokusebenzisa izivivinyo kanye nedatha (okungokoqobo). Emfundweni, sidinga futhi izivivinyo zokucabanga kanye nokucabanga okubucayi, kodwa futhi nolwazi, ukuzijwayeza, kanye nokufunda okusekelwe kumaphrojekthi.
Empilweni yansuku zonke, sivame ukwahlulela izinto sisebenzisa kokubili “i-logic” kanye “nokuhlangenwe nakho.” Isibonelo, umuntu angase asebenzise ingqondo ukuze ahlole izingozi zesinqumo sezezimali, kodwa futhi asebenzise ulwazi lwangaphambilini ukuze ahlole umphumela ongaba khona.
Isiphetho
I-Rationalism kanye ne-empiricism kuyizikole ezimbili ezinkulu zokucabanga ezibumba indlela abantu abaqonda ngayo ulwazi. I-Rationalism ibeka phambili ukucabanga njengomthombo wokuqiniseka, kuyilapho i-empiricism ibeka phambili ulwazi njengesisekelo seqiniso. Ngayinye inamandla nobuthakathaka bayo, futhi empeleni, lokhu okubili kuvame ukuhambisana. Imicabango yesimanje—ikakhulukazi kwisayensi—iqhubekela phambili ekuhlanganiseni: inkolelo-mbono enengqondo inikeza isiqondiso, kuyilapho ubufakazi obubonakalayo buqinisekisa ukusebenza kwayo. Ngokuqonda lezi zindlela ezimbili, asigcini nje ngokufunda umlando wefilosofi kodwa futhi sithuthukisa ukucabanga kwethu okubucayi ekufuneni iqiniso.
Uma ufisa, ngingavumelanisa lesi sihloko nesitayela sephephabhuku lesayensi, indatshana ethandwayo, noma ngengeze izibonelo zamacala (isb. kwezengqondo, ezomnotho, noma isayensi yedatha).
