I-Postmodernism kanye nokugxekwa kwe-Rationalism
I-Pendahuluan
I-Postmodernism iyisikole sokucabanga esaqala ukuthola ukunakwa kabanzi maphakathi nekhulu lama-20 futhi sesingene emikhakheni eyahlukene njengobuciko, izakhiwo, izincwadi, kanye nefilosofi. Ngokubanzi, i-postmodernism iyimpendulo, futhi ngezindlela eziningi, ekugxekweni kwe-modernism, okubonakala ngokukholelwa kwayo ekuqondeni, inqubekela phambili eqondile, kanye nokungakhethi kwesayensi. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola ukuthi i-postmodernism igxeka kanjani i-rationalism kanye nemiphumela yalokhu kugxekwa ekuqondeni kwethu ulwazi, iqiniso, kanye neqiniso.
Ukucabanga Ngendlela Yanamuhla
I-Rationalism, isisekelo semicabango yanamuhla, inkolelo yokuthi ulwazi lutholakala ngokuyinhloko ngokucabanga nangokucabanga, hhayi ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwezinzwa. Izazi zefilosofi ezifana noRené Descartes, u-Immanuel Kant, nabanye abaningi basungule isisekelo esinengqondo sokuqonda umhlaba, bebeka i-rationality njengendlela ethembekile kakhulu yokuthola iqiniso lesayensi.
I-Modernism isuka ekuKhanyisweni, isikhathi emlandweni waseNtshonalanga esagcizelela ukubaluleka kwesayensi, ukucabanga, kanye nokucabanga njengendlela yokuthola ulwazi kanye nentuthuko. Ngaphansi kwethonya le-modernism, kwenziwa impumelelo enkulu kwisayensi kanye nobuchwepheshe, futhi ukuzethemba emandleni esintu okuqonda nokulawula indawo yonke kwanda.
Ukugxekwa kwe-Postmodernism kwe-Rationalism
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Postmodernism yavela njengokuhlaziya ukuthembela ngokweqile ekuqondeni nasekungakhethini. Amanye amaphuzu ayinhloko alokhu kuhlaziya afaka:
1. Ukwenqatshwa Kwendaba Enkulu
UJean-François Lyotard, umuntu obalulekile emcabangweni we-postmodern, waphikisana ngokuthi i-postmodernism ibonakala “ngokungazethembi izindaba eziphathelene ne-meta” noma “izindaba ezinkulu.” Izindaba ezinkulu ziyizincazelo ezibanzi ezizama ukuchaza zonke izici zokuphila komuntu, njengobukhomanisi, ubukhapitali, ngisho nesayensi uqobo. I-Postmodernism ithi lezi zindaba ezinkulu zenza kube lula kakhulu ubunzima beqiniso futhi zivame ukunganaki noma zibeke eceleni imibono ethile.
2. Ukuhlobana Kwezinto Eziphilayo
I-Postmodernism iyawulahla umbono wokuthi kukhona indlela eyodwa elungile noma engcono yokuqonda umhlaba. Esikhundleni salokho, igcizelela ubuningi be-epistemological, umqondo wokuthi izindlela ezahlukene zokwazi umhlaba (kufaka phakathi izindaba zendawo noma zomuntu ngamunye) zinokufaneleka okufanayo. Lokhu kuyaphikisana ne-rationalism, evame ukufuna iqiniso eliphelele nelingenaphutha.
3. Ukubhidliza
UJacques Derrida, omunye umuntu obalulekile ku-postmodernism, wethula umqondo wokudiliza. Ngokudiliza, i-postmodernism izama ukwembula ukuthi imibhalo kanye nezindaba—njengemibono ye-rationalist—zihlala zinezincazelo ezingacacile neziphikisanayo. Ukudiliza kuphonsela inselelo isimangalo sokuthi incazelo ingaba yinto ezinzile neqinisekile, okuphazamisa inkolelo yokuthi ingqondo inengqondo njengendlela yokuthola iqiniso eliphelele.
4. Ukugxekwa Kokungakhethi Kwesayensi
I-Postmodernism igxeka isimangalo sokuthi isayensi ayinawo umkhawulo futhi ayinazo izindinganiso zamasiko kanye nokuzikhethela. Isayensi, ngokombono we-postmodernist, ingenye yezindaba eziningi futhi ayikwazi ukukhululeka ngokuphelele emathonyeni ezenhlalo, ezepolitiki kanye namasiko. UMichel Foucault ubonise ukuthi isayensi ivame ukuguqulwa kanjani ngamandla futhi isetshenziswe ukuqhubekisela phambili izakhiwo ezithile zamandla.
Imiphumela Yokugxekwa Kwangemva Kwesikhathi
Ukugxekwa kwe-Postmodernism kwe-rationalism kunemiphumela eminingi ebalulekile, ikakhulukazi emikhakheni yefilosofi, isayensi, kanye namasiko.
1. Ukuchazwa Kabusha Kweqiniso
Uma iqiniso lingelona eliphelele futhi elifinyelelekayo ngokucabanga okunengqondo kuphela, khona-ke sidinga ukuchaza kabusha lokho esikushoyo ngeqiniso. Lokhu kuvula isikhala sezinye izinhlobo zolwazi okungenzeka ukuthi bezibhekwa njengezingekho emthethweni ngaphambilini, njengolwazi lwendabuko, okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu, kanye nezindaba zabantu abambalwa.
2. Ukuqashelwa Kobuningi
Ngokugcizelela ubuningi be-epistemological, i-postmodernism isikhuthaza ukuthi siqaphele futhi sihloniphe imibono eyahlukahlukene. Lokhu kuba yinto efanele esimweni somhlaba wonke kanye nokuxhumana okwandayo phakathi kwamasiko ahlukene kanye nezinhlelo zenani.
3. Ithonya Elibalulekile Kwezesayensi Nobuchwepheshe
Ukugxekwa kokungakhethi kwesayensi kusiphoqa ukuthi sigxeke kakhulu indlela ulwazi olusetshenziswa futhi olukhiqizwa ngayo. Imibuzo mayelana nokuthi ubani okhiqiza ulwazi, ngenxa kabani, futhi ngaziphi izinjongo iba yinto ebalulekile. Lokhu futhi kushukumisa ukucabanga okubucayi ngezimiso zokuziphatha zokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe nesayensi.
Isiphetho
I-Postmodernism inikeze ukugxekwa okubukhali kwe-rationalism, iqokomisa ukulinganiselwa nezinkinga ezinsolweni zokungakhethi kanye neqiniso elijwayelekile. Nakuba lokhu kugxekwa kungase kubonakale kukhubaza ukuzinza, kuvula nendawo yendlela yolwazi ebandakanya wonke umuntu nehlukahlukene. Phakathi kwezinselele zomhlaba wonke eziyinkimbinkimbi, mhlawumbe sekuyisikhathi sokuhlola kabusha izinkolelo zethu zendabuko futhi sizivulekele ezindleleni ezintsha zokuqonda umhlaba.
Ukugxekwa kwe-Postmodernism kwe-rationalism kusimema ukuthi sichaze imibono yethu eyisisekelo esibambelele kuyo futhi siqonde kangcono ubunzima, ukuhlukahluka, kanye nokuceba kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu. Enkathini yolwazi oluhlukahlukene kangaka kanye nemibono, mhlawumbe sekuyisikhathi sokudlulela ngale kwemingcele eqinile ebekwe yi-rationalism futhi silandele ukuqonda okuphelele nokwesimo.
