Ukuqonda i-Hedonism ekuziphatheni okuhle
I-Hedonism ingenye yamagama asetshenziswa kakhulu lapho kukhulunywa "ngempilo enhle," "ukufuna injabulo," noma "ukuphishekela injabulo." Ezingxoxweni zansuku zonke, i-hedonism ivame ukuqondwa kabi: ifana nendlela yokuphila yokuzitika, amaphathi, ukunethezeka, kanye nesimo sengqondo sokuthi "uma nje ujabule". Kodwa-ke, ezifundweni zefilosofi, ikakhulukazi kwezokuziphatha, i-hedonism inencazelo ecacile nehlelekile, futhi ayihlali imbi njengoba kucatshangwa. I-Hedonism kwezokuziphatha ibhekisela embonweni wokuthi injabulo iyigugu noma isisekelo sokwahlulela kokuziphatha. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngencazelo ye-hedonism kwezokuziphatha, izinhlobo zayo ezahlukahlukene, izibalo ezibalulekile, kanye nokugxekwa kanye nokubaluleka kwayo empilweni yanamuhla.
I-Hedonism: Incazelo Ejwayelekile kanye Nencazelo Yokuziphatha
Ngokwemvelaphi, igama elithi "hedonism" livela kwelesiGriki elithi hēdonē, elisho "injabulo" noma "ukujabulela." Ngokwesimo esijwayelekile, i-hedonism ibhekisela endleleni yokuphila eqondiswe ekufuneni injabulo ephezulu nokugwema ukuhlupheka. Kodwa-ke, ezimisweni zokuziphatha—igatsha lefilosofi elihlola okulungile nokungalungile kwezenzo zabantu—i-hedonism akuyona nje indlela yokuphila, kodwa kunalokho iyinkolelo-mbono yezindinganiso kanye/noma isenzo sokuziphatha.
Ngamafuphi, i-hedonism ekuziphatheni okuhle ingaqondwa njengombono obeka injabulo njenge:
1. Into enhle ngokwemvelo (enhle ngokwayo), kanye/noma
2. Isilinganiso sokuziphatha kwesenzo (isenzo sibhekwa njengesihle uma siveza injabulo noma sinciphisa ukuhlupheka).
Kusukela lapha kungabonakala ukuthi i-hedonism ingakhuluma ngalokho okubalulekile (inkolelo-mbono yenani) futhi ingakhuluma nangokuthi yini okufanele yenziwe (inkolelo-mbono yesenzo).
Ukuzithokozisa Ngokwengqondo kanye Nokuzithokozisa Ngokwezimiso Zokuziphatha
Ezingxoxweni zokuziphatha, kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbili zokuzijabulisa ezivame ukudidaniswa:
1. Ukujabula ngokwengqondo
I-Psychological hedonism iyisitatimende esichazayo ngesimo somuntu: ukuthi abantu bahlala benza okuthile ukuze bafune injabulo futhi bagweme ubuhlungu. Akuyona imfundiso yokuziphatha ngalokho "okufanele" kube yikho, kodwa kunalokho isitatimende mayelana "namaqiniso" okuziphatha komuntu.
Inkinga iwukuthi, lesi simangalo sivame ukugxekwa ngokwenza isisusa somuntu sibe lula kakhulu. Izenzo eziningi zomuntu azichazwa kalula njengokuphishekela injabulo, njengokuzinikela kwabazali, izenzo zobuqhawe, noma ukuzibophezela ezimisweni naphezu kobuhlungu.
2. Ukuzitika Ngenjabulo Okuhle
I-hedonism yokuziphatha iyisimangalo esijwayelekile: abantu kufanele baphishekele injabulo (futhi bagweme ubuhlungu) ngoba injabulo iyindinganiso enhle noma yokuziphatha ephezulu. I-hedonism yokuziphatha ibaluleke kakhulu ezimisweni zokuziphatha ngoba iphakamisa isisekelo sokwahlulela ukuthi isenzo sihle noma sibi.
I-Hedonism njengenkolelo-mbono yenani: injabulo njengento enhle
Ezimisweni zokuziphatha, i-hedonism ivame ukuvela ngesimo se-value hedonism, umbono wokuthi okuwukuphela kwento enenani elingaphakathi yinjabulo, kuyilapho ukuhlupheka kunenani elibi. Ezinye izinto ezifana nengcebo, impumelelo, ulwazi, noma udumo zibhekwa njengezibalulekile kuphela uma ziletha injabulo noma zinciphisa ukuhlupheka.
Isibonelo, umuntu angase abheke imfundo njengenhle hhayi nje ngoba yenza impilo ibe "nenjongo," kodwa futhi ngoba inikeza ukwaneliseka kwangaphakathi, ivula amathuba okuphila okuphephile, futhi inciphise ubunzima. Ngokwezinga lokujabula, imfundo ibhekwa njengenhle ngoba inegalelo enjabulweni noma enhlalakahleni.
Izibalo kanye Nokuthuthukiswa Kwe-Hedonism Ekuziphatheni
I-Aristippus kanye neCyrenaic Hedonism
Omunye wabantu bokuqala bokuthanda izinto ezijabulisayo kwakungu-Aristup waseKhurene (Cyrenaics). Wagcizelela injabulo engokomzimba esheshayo. Kulo mbono, injabulo etholakala "manje" ibaluleke kakhulu, ngakho-ke ukugxila kokuziphatha kuthambekele kokuhlangenwe nakho okujabulisayo okusheshayo.
Kodwa-ke, lolu hlobo lokuzithokozisa luvame ukubhekwa njengolusengozini yokuziphatha okungazelelwe, ngoba lubheka injabulo yesikhashana njengebaluleke kakhulu ngaphandle kokucabangela umthelela wesikhathi eside.
Ama-Epikure kanye ne-Epikurean Hedonism
Umuntu owayenethonya elikhulu ekuzijabuliseni ngokuziphatha kwakungu-Epicurus. Ngokuphambene nombono wokuthi u-Epicurus wayeshumayela ukuziphatha okubi, wagcizelela uhlobo oluzolile noluzinzile lwenjabulo. Kuye, umgomo wokuphila kwakuwukufinyelela i-ataraxia (ukuthula kwangaphakathi) kanye ne-aponia (ukungabikho kobuhlungu).
U-Epicurus wafundisa ukuthi:
– Akuzona zonke izinjabulo ezifanele ukuphishekelwa; ezinye izinjabulo empeleni ziletha ukuhlupheka ngemva kwalokho.
– Ukuhlupheka okuthile kuyadingeka uma kuphumela enjabulweni enkulu noma ekuthuleni kwesikhathi eside (isib. isiyalo, ukufunda, umsebenzi).
– Ukuphila okulula, ubungane, nokuzithiba kuvame ukuletha injabulo enkulu kunokunethezeka.
Ngakho-ke, i-Epicurean hedonism iseduze nomqondo "wenhlalakahle" kunokuba nje "nenjabulo".
Utilitarianism: I-Hedonism Ekuziphatheni Kwanamuhla
Ezimisweni zokuziphatha zanamuhla, i-hedonism ihlobene kakhulu ne-utilitarianism, ikakhulukazi kubacabangi abafana noJeremy Bentham noJohn Stuart Mill. I-Utilitarianism ithi isenzo esifanele yiso esikhiqiza "injabulo enkulu kakhulu kubantu abaningi kakhulu." I-Bentham yayivame ukukala injabulo ngobuningi (ukuqina, ubude besikhathi, ukuqiniseka), kanti uMill wayehlukanisa phakathi kwezimfanelo zenjabulo (injabulo yobuhlakani yayibhekwa njengengcono kunenjabulo engokwenyama kuphela).
Nakuba i-utilitarianism ingafani ngaso sonke isikhathi ne-hedonism (kukhona i-utilitarianism yokukhetha, isibonelo), inguqulo yakudala ibeka ngokusobala injabulo nobuhlungu njengesisekelo sokwahlulela kokuziphatha.
Izinzuzo Zokuzitika Ngenjabulo Ekuziphatheni Okuhle
I-Hedonism inamandla amaningana njengenkolelo-mbono yokuziphatha:
1. Okubonakalayo futhi okuseduze nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu
Abantu abaningi bayavuma ukuthi injabulo ilungile kanti ubuhlungu bubi. I-Hedonism iqala ukuhlaziywa kwayo kokuziphatha kusukela kulolu lwazi oluyisisekelo.
2. Nikeza isisekelo esisebenzayo sokuhlola
Ekuthathweni kwezinqumo, umbuzo othi “ingabe lokhu kuzokwandisa inhlalakahle noma kuzokwandisa ukuhlupheka?” ngumbuzo obalulekile wokuziphatha.
3. Shayela ukunaka emiphumeleni yangempela
I-Hedonism, ikakhulukazi ngesimo sayo esiwusizo, igcizelela imiphumela yezenzo ngenhlalakahle yabantu ngabanye kanye nomphakathi.
Ukugxekwa Kokuzitika Ngenjabulo Ekuziphatheni
Naphezu kwamandla ayo, i-hedonism nayo igxekwe kakhulu:
1. Ukungazinaki izindinganiso ezingezona ezenjabulo
Abantu abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ezinye izinto zinhle ngisho noma zingajabulisi, njengobulungisa, ubuqotho, iqiniso, noma ukwethembeka. Umuntu angakhetha ukukhuluma iqiniso ngisho noma imiphumela ibuhlungu.
2. Inkinga "yenjabulo" kunzima ukuyichaza nokuyilinganisa.
Ingabe injabulo iyafana njalo? Injabulo yokufunda incwadi ingaqhathaniswa kanjani nenjabulo yokudla ukudla okumnandi? Lokhu kuqhathanisa nokulinganisa akulula.
3. Ingozi yokuthethelela izenzo zokuziphatha okubi
Uma isenzo siletha injabulo kwabaningi kodwa silimaze abambalwa, ingabe kulungile ngokuzenzakalelayo? Lokhu kugxekwa kuvame ukuqondiswa ku-utilitarianism ngezindlela zayo ezibucayi.
4. Injabulo yesikhathi esifushane uma kuqhathaniswa nenjabulo yesikhathi eside
Ukuzitika ngokweqile kungaholela ekubeni nolaka kanye nokulutha, njengoba kulandela injabulo esheshayo ngaphandle kokucabangela ukulahlekelwa kwesikhathi eside.
Ukubaluleka Kokuzitika Ngenjabulo Empilweni Yanamuhla
Esikhathini semidiya yezenhlalo kanye nesiko labathengi, injabulo ivame ukubonakala njengendlela yokuphila: ukuphishekela ukuqinisekiswa okusheshayo, izitayela, kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho. Kodwa-ke, izimiso zokuziphatha zefilosofi zenjabulo zingaba umthombo wokucabanga okubucayi: ingabe injabulo esiyiphishekelayo iyayithuthukisa ngempela inhlalakahle, noma imane ihlinzeka ngokwaneliseka kwesikhashana?
Indlela yama-Epicurean, isibonelo, ibalulekile ekuhloleni kabusha incazelo "yempilo ejabulisayo": akusho ukuthi kufanele ube nokuningi, kodwa kunalokho ube nokuthula, ukwaneliseka, kanye nokukhululeka ekukhathazekeni ngokweqile. Okwamanje, i-utilitarianism isikhumbuza ukuthi izinqumo zomuntu siqu kufanele zicabangele umthelela wazo kwabanye—hhayi nje ukuzanelisa.
Isiphetho
Incazelo ye-hedonism ekuziphatheni ibanzi kakhulu kunokumane "uphile ngokweqile." Ezifundweni zokuziphatha, i-hedonism iyinkolelo-mbono ebeka ukubaluleka enjabulweni, ize isebenze njengesisekelo sokwahlulela okulungile nokungalungile kwezenzo. Iza ngezindlela ezahlukene, kusukela ku-Aristippus, owagcizelela injabulo esheshayo, kuya ku-Epicurus, owagcizelela ukungazithibi nokuzithiba, kuya ku-utilitarianism, eyahlulela ukuziphatha ngomthelela wayo enjabulweni yabantu abaningi.
Kodwa-ke, i-hedonism ayiyona engenakho ukugxekwa, ikakhulukazi ngoba ibhekwa njengokunciphisa impilo yokuziphatha ibe yinjabulo nje. Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda i-hedonism ekuziphatheni akusho ukuthi uyayamukela njengoba injalo, kodwa kunalokho uyisebenzise njengohlaka lokucabanga okubucayi: ukuthi hlobo luni lwenjabulo okufanele lulandelwe, ukuthi ungalinganisa kanjani imiphumela, nokuthi ungaqinisekisa kanjani ukuthi injabulo ayibeki engcupheni ezinye izindinganiso zomuntu njengobulungiswa, isithunzi, kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo.
Uma ufisa, ngingaguqula lesi sihloko sibe isitayela sephepha lesayensi (elinezinkomba kanye nefomethi yezincwadi) noma inguqulo ethandwa kakhulu yamabhulogi esikole.
