Ukugxekwa kukaPlato ngentando yeningi
Intando yeningi ivame ukubhekwa njengohlobo olulungile kakhulu lukahulumeni ngoba ivumela ukuba izakhamuzi zibambe iqhaza futhi ibeka ubukhosi ezandleni zabantu. Kodwa-ke, esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuthuthukiswa kwentando yeningi yanamuhla, uPlato wayegxeke kakhulu lolu hlelo. Emisebenzini yakhe—ikakhulukazi iPoliteia (iRiphabhulikhi)—uPlato akagcinanga nje ngokungabaza ukusebenza kwentando yeningi kodwa futhi waphikisana ngokuthi yayinembewu yokubhujiswa ngaphakathi. Ukugxeka kwakhe kwavela kokuhlangenwe nakho komlando kwe-Athens, ekudumazekeni kwakhe ngemikhuba yezombusazwe egcwele inkulumo-ze, kanye nasenkolelweni yakhe yokuthi umbuso kufanele uholwe yilabo abanokuhlakanipha okukhulu.
Isizinda Sokugxekwa: Okuhlangenwe Nakho Kwase-Athene Nokufa KukaSocrates
UPlato wayephila esimweni sezombusazwe sase-Athene esinobudlova. I-Athene yaziwa njengomunye wabasunguli bentando yeningi eqondile, lapho izakhamuzi (ezinemikhawulo ethile: akukho zigqila, akukho besifazane, akukho abokufika) zazihlanganyela ekwenzeni inqubomgomo ngomhlangano. Kodwa-ke, intando yeningi yase-Athene nayo yabhekana nokwehluleka, izimpi, izingxabano zamaqembu, kanye nezinqumo zezombusazwe ezazivame ukushintshashintsha ngokwemizwa yabantu.
Isenzakalo esibuhlungu kakhulu kuPlato kwaba ukubulawa kukaSocrates ngo-399 BC. USocrates—uthisha kaPlato—waquliswa icala “lokonakalisa intsha” kanye “nokungahloniphi onkulunkulu bomuzi.” KuPlato, ukufa kukaSocrates kwabonisa izingozi zombono womphakathi kanye nemizwa yeningi elahla amadoda ahlakaniphile angenalo ulwazi olwanele. Lokhu kwabumba isiphetho sakhe: izinqumo zezombusazwe ezenziwa yiningi zithonywa kalula, okwenza intando yeningi ibe yinto engafanele ngisho noma ithi yenza egameni labantu.
Intando yeningi njengoHulumeni Osekelwe Esifisweni, Hhayi Olwazini
Esinye sezigxeko ezinkulu zikaPlato kwakuwukuthi intando yeningi ivame ukubeka phambili isifiso kunolwazi (ukuhlakanipha). Ku-The Republic, uPlato uhlukanisa phakathi kolwazi lweqiniso ngoKuhle nombono nje. Waphikisana ngokuthi inqubomgomo yomphakathi ihilela izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi: ubulungiswa, imfundo, impi, ezomnotho, kanye nokuziphatha. Uma izinqumo ezibalulekile zishiywa kubantu abangaqeqeshiwe—noma abangafundile ngokwanele—, umbuso uzoholwa imibono eguquguqukayo.
UPlato wayekholelwa ukuthi umholi ofanele kufanele abe nekhono kanye nobuhle, hhayi nje ukuthandwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, intando yeningi ivulela amathuba amakhulu abantu abanekhono lokuheha abantu abaningi. Ngenxa yalokho, abaholi abakhethwa ngenxa yekhono labo lokubusa, kodwa ngenxa yekhono labo lokujabulisa umphakathi kanye nokulawula imizwa yabantu bonke.
Ukugxekwa Kwenkulumo-ze kanye Nobandlululo
UPlato wayenokungabaza okukhulu ngenkulumo yezepolitiki. Embusweni wentando yeningi, amakhono okukhuluma esidlangalaleni angaba wusizo olukhulu ekutholeni amandla. Inkinga iwukuthi, inkulumo ayigxili eqinisweni ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ingasetshenziswa ukupholisha amanga ukuze abonakale eyiqiniso, noma ukuqamba izinqubomgomo ezimbi njengezizuzisayo.
Ngaphakathi kwalolu hlaka, uPlato wabona ukwanda kwama-demagogue—abantu abathi bamele abantu kodwa empeleni babaxhaphaza ngamandla abo. Ama-demagogue akudingeki abe ngabaholi bezwe abahlakaniphile; badinga nje ukuba “ngabaphathi besiteji” abakwazi ukudala izitha ezivamile, bathengise ithemba, futhi bathembise ukwaneliseka okusheshayo. KuPlato, intando yeningi inikeza indawo evundile yalolu hlobo lwezombusazwe, ngoba ukunqoba kunqunywa ukuvunyelwa yiningi, hhayi izimfanelo zokuziphatha nezobuhlakani.
Inkululeko Edlulele Nokulahlekelwa Ukuhleleka
Intando yeningi ivame ukudunyiswa ngokusekela inkululeko. UPlato akazange ayilahle inkululeko njengenani, kodwa wabuza umqondo wenkululeko engenamkhawulo. Ku-The Republic (Book VIII), uPlato uchaza intando yeningi njengombuso okhulekela inkululeko kuze kube yilapho ekugcineni iphenduka isiphithiphithi. Wonke umuntu ufuna ukuphila ngokwezintandokazi zakhe; imithetho ibhekwa njengephazamisayo; isiyalo sibhekwa njengokucindezelwa.
Uma inkululeko iqondwa njengokuthi "ivunyelwe ukwenza noma yini," izikhungo ezigcina ukuhleleka ziba buthaka. Abantu bakuthola kunzima ukwamukela izinqubomgomo ezingathandeki, noma ngabe kudingeka. Imfundo ingalahlekelwa yisiqondiso sayo njengoba igunya lokuziphatha kanye nengqondo lingatshazwa. Kuleli qophelo, izwe liba sengozini yokungazinzi: izinqubomgomo ziyashintsha ngokwezindlela, izingxabano zomphakathi ziyanda, futhi izintshisekelo zesikhathi esifushane ziyanqoba ekuhleleni isikhathi eside.
Izilinganiso Ezingaqondwa Kahle: Umehluko Ongacacile Wamakhono
Intando yeningi nayo isekela isimiso sokulingana. UPlato waphikisana ngokuthi ukulingana esihloniphweni somuntu akusho ngokuzenzakalelayo ukulingana emandleni obuholi. KuPlato, izinkinga ziyavela lapho intando yeningi ilinganisa yonke imibono njengokungathi inesisindo esilinganayo, yize ulwazi nobuhle bomuntu ngamunye buhlukile. Ezindabeni zobuchwepheshe njengokuhamba ngomkhumbi, abantu bangakhetha ukaputeni onguchwepheshe, hhayi ukuvotela abagibeli. Kodwa-ke, ezindabeni zombuso—uPlato ayekholelwa ukuthi ziyinkimbinkimbi nakakhulu—intando yeningi kunalokho ishiya izinqumo kuvoti leningi.
Ukufana "komkhumbi wesifundazwe," okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi uPlato, kubonisa lesi simo: uma abagibeli abangajwayelene nokuqondisa bezama ukuthola indlela, umkhumbi ungaphahlazeka. Ngamanye amazwi, ukubusa kudinga ubuchwepheshe, hhayi nje ukuba semthethweni kwezinombolo.
Ukusuka Entandweni Yeningi Kuya Ekucindezelweni: Umjikelezo Wokuwohloka Kombuso
Ukugxeka kukaPlato okudumile kakhulu yithisisi yokuthi intando yeningi ingaphenduka ibe ubushiqela. Waphikisana ngokuthi lapho inkululeko ingalawulwa, umphakathi uyahlukana, izifiso zokungqubuzana, futhi ukuhleleka kuyaphela. Ngezikhathi zesiphithiphithi, abantu baqala ukulangazelela "umsindisi" othembisa ukuhleleka nokuvikeleka. Abantu abadumile bayavela, bathole ukwesekwa ngezithembiso ezinkulu, futhi kancane kancane baqinise amandla baze babe omashiqela.
KuPlato, lokhu kwakungeyona into eyenzeka ngengozi, kodwa kwakuyindlela yokwenza izinto. Intando yeningi, edumisa inkululeko nokulingana kakhulu, ingadala isikhala sokuqongelela amandla okubhubhisa inkululeko uqobo. Ngokombono wakhe, ubushiqela "buyisithunzi esimnyama" sentando yeningi: iqala ngenjabulo iphele ngokucindezelwa.
Indlela KaPlato Ehlukile: Uhulumeni Wezazi Zefilosofi
UPlato akagcinanga ngokugxeka; wanikeza okunye: umbuso ofanele oholwa “yinkosi yefilosofi.” Izazi zefilosofi, ngokukaPlato, akuzona nje abantu abanekhono lokuphikisana, kodwa abantu abathanda ukuhlakanipha, abafundiswe ukuqonda ubuhle, futhi abakwazi ukulawula izifiso zabo. Ababusi ngenxa yengcebo noma ukuthandwa, kodwa ngenxa yobulungiswa kanye nenhlalakahle yomphakathi.
Emklamo kaPlato, umphakathi uhlukaniswe ngamaqembu asebenzayo: abaholi (izazi zefilosofi), abaqaphi (amasosha/abaqaphi), kanye nabakhiqizi (abalimi, abathengisi, abasebenzi). Ubulungiswa buvela lapho iqembu ngalinye ligcwalisa indima yalo ngokwamandla alo, futhi abaholi babuse ngokucabanga, hhayi ngezifiso zabantu abaningi.
Yiqiniso, lo mbono uvame ukugxekwa ngokuthi ungase ube yi-elitist futhi uvule umnyango wobushiqela. Kodwa-ke, uPlato wagcizelela iphuzu elilodwa: uhulumeni kufanele usekelwe ebuntwini, emfundweni, kanye nolwazi oluqinisekisiwe.
Ukubaluleka Kokugxekwa KukaPlato Enkathini Yanamuhla
Intando yeningi yanamuhla ihluke kakhulu kwintando yeningi yase-Athene: ihlanganisa umthethosisekelo, ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla, ukhetho lwabameleli, ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu abambalwa, inkululeko yabezindaba, kanye nokuhlola nokulinganisela. Kodwa ukugxeka kukaPlato kusabalulekile njengesixwayiso. Ukwanda kwabantu, ukuphathwa kabi kolwazi, ezombusazwe zobunikazi, ukwahlukana, kanye nokubusa ngokomzwelo emphakathini kubonisa ukuthi intando yeningi ihlale inamandla okusetshenziswa kabi.
Ukugxekwa kukaPlato kusimema ukuba sibuze: abavoti bangaba kanjani nolwazi olwanele? Singayakha kanjani imfundo yezepolitiki ukuze umphakathi ungaphathwa kabi kalula? Singalinganisa kanjani inkululeko nomthwalo wemfanelo? Singakuvimbela kanjani ukuqongelela kwamandla okuvela enkingeni yentando yeningi uqobo?
Isiphetho
Ukugxeka kukaPlato intando yeningi kuvela ekukhathazekeni kokuthi intando yeningi iwela kalula ekubusweni kwemibono yeningi, inkulumo, kanye nesifiso. Waphikisana ngokuthi inkululeko engenamkhawulo iholela esiphithiphithini, ukuthi ukulingana okungaqondwa kahle kufihla ikhono, nokuthi lezi zimo zivula indlela yobushiqela. Nakuba indlela "yefilosofi-inkosi" kunzima ukuyisebenzisa ezweni lanamuhla, imibono kaPlato isabalulekile njengokubonakaliswa okubucayi: intando yeningi ayimayelana nevoti leningi kuphela, kodwa futhi imayelana nekhwalithi yolwazi, ubuhle, kanye nezikhungo ezivikela ubulungiswa.
Uma intando yeningi izosinda, kumelwe ibe ngaphezu kwezinqubo zokhetho nje kuphela. Kumele isekelwe yimfundo, ukuziphatha komphakathi, isiko elinengqondo, kanye nezindlela ezivimbela ukuxhashazwa kwabantu abaningi—njengoba nje uPlato axwayisa eminyakeni engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili edlule.
