Umqondo Wobulungiswa Ngokusho kukaPlato
Ubulungiswa bungenye yezindikimba ezibaluleke kakhulu kwifilosofi yezombusazwe yaseNtshonalanga kanye nokuziphatha, futhi uPlato ungumuntu owabeka isisekelo sengxoxo yakudala yalo mqondo. Encwadini yakhe ebalulekile, iPoliteia (iRiphabhulikhi), uPlato akabuzi nje kuphela ukuthi “buyini ubulungiswa?” kodwa futhi “kungani abantu kufanele benze ubulungiswa?” nokuthi “ubulungiswa bungafezeka kanjani ngaphakathi kwabantu kanye nangaphakathi kombuso?” KuPlato, ubulungiswa abuyona nje imithetho esemthethweni noma isivumelwano senhlalo, kodwa kunalokho buyindlela ehlelekile: isimo esivumelanayo lapho yonke ingxenye yenza khona umsebenzi wayo ngendlela efanele. Ukuze siqonde umqondo kaPlato ngobulungiswa, sidinga ukuhlola uhlaka lwakhe lwezinto ezingaphili, imibono yakhe ngomphefumulo womuntu, kanye nomqondo wakhe wesimo esifanele.
Isizinda Somcabango KaPlato: Ukufuna Ingqikithi Yobulungiswa
Ingxoxo ngobulungiswa eRiphabhulikhi iqala ngempikiswano ngezincazelo ezahlukahlukene. Abanye babheka ubulungiswa njengokuthi "ukhuluma iqiniso nokukhokha izikweletu," abanye "ukunikeza wonke umuntu lokho okumfanele," kanti abanye, njengoThrasymachus, othi ubulungiswa "bumane buyisithakazelo sabanamandla." UPlato, ngobuntu bukaSocrates engxoxweni, wenqaba izincazelo ezingasho lutho noma ezisekelwe ekuziphatheni. Ufuna ukuthola umongo wobulungiswa, ongashintshwanga umbono, amandla, noma isiko.
KuPlato, izwe esilibonayo livame ukukhohlisa, liveza isithunzi nje seqiniso eliphakeme. Ngaphakathi kwalolu hlaka, ubulungiswa buqondwa njengento enesimo esifanele (iFomu noma Umbono Wobulungiswa), osebenza njengesilinganiso sesenzo somuntu kanye nokuhleleka kwezepolitiki. Ubulungiswa akuwona nje umkhiqizo wokuyekethisa, kodwa kunalokho busondela endinganisweni egxilile eqinisweni.
Ubulungiswa Emphefumulweni: Ukuvumelana Okunezingxenye Ezintathu
Enye yeminikelo emikhulu kaPlato kwakuwukuxhumanisa ubulungiswa nesakhiwo somphefumulo womuntu. Wahlukanisa umphefumulo waba izingxenye ezintathu:
1. Isilinganiso (ama-logo) – isici sokucabanga esifuna iqiniso.
2. Umoya/isibindi (thymos) – isici esihlobene nodumo, ubuqhawe, kanye nogqozi lokuzivikela.
3. Inkanuko/isifiso (i-epithymia) – isici esiphishekela injabulo engokwenyama, yezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nezifiso zansuku zonke.
Ngokusho kukaPlato, umuntu ubhekwa nje kuphela uma lezi zingxenye ezintathu zihlelekile. Ingqondo kumele ihole, inkanuko kumele isekele ingqondo (isibonelo, ekwenzeni izinqumo ezinhle ngokuzimisela), futhi inkanuko kumele ilawulwe ukuze ingabusi. Ngakho-ke, ubulungiswa akuyona indaba "yokuphatha abanye" ngokuqondile, kodwa kunalokho isimo sangaphakathi: ukuhleleka kwangaphakathi okwenza umuntu akwazi ukwenza ngendlela efanele njalo.
UPlato wafanisa ubulungiswa “nengxenye ngayinye eyenza umsebenzi wayo ofanele.” Ukuqonda akumelwe kube ngaphansi kwesifiso, ngoba uma abantu beholwa yisifiso kuphela, bazowela kalula ekuhaheni, ekungathembekini, nasezenzweni ezilimaza abanye. Ngokuphambene nalokho, lapho ukucabanga kuhola, abantu bayakwazi ukubona okuhle ngokuhlangene—hhayi nje injabulo yesikhashana.
Ubulungiswa Esifundazweni: Ukwahlukaniswa Kwezigaba kanye Nomsebenzi
UPlato wabe esenweba ukuhlaziywa kwakhe komphefumulo kwaze kwaba sezingeni lesimo. Wabona isimo “njengomphefumulo okhulisiwe”: izakhiwo zomphakathi zibonisa izakhiwo ezingaphakathi kwabantu. Ngakho-ke, isimo esifanele sinamaqembu amathathu ayinhloko:
1. Ababusi/izazi zefilosofi – labo abanokuhlakanipha kanye nekhono lokuqonda ubuhle.
2. Onogada/amasosha (abaqaphi/abasizi) – labo umsebenzi wabo ukuvikela umbuso nokuphoqelela izinqumo zombusi.
3. Abakhiqizi – abalimi, abahwebi, izingcweti, namaqembu ahlangabezana nezidingo zomnotho.
Ubulungiswa esifundazweni buyenzeka lapho iqembu ngalinye lifeza indima yalo efanele: ababusi bahola ngokusekelwe ekuhlakanipheni, abalindi bagcina ukuphepha nokuhleleka, kanye nabakhiqizi baphatha umnotho ngaphandle kokubeka ukulawulwa kwezepolitiki. Ukungabi nabulungisa kuvela lapho isigaba sithatha indima okungeyona eyaso—isibonelo, abakhiqizi abaqhutshwa ubugovu bathatha uhulumeni, noma abalindi basebenzisa amandla abo ukuze bazuze bona.
Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi kuPlato, ukwahlukaniswa kwemisebenzi kwakungeyona nje indaba yesikhundla senhlalo, kodwa kwakungenxa yamakhono ahambisanayo kanye nobuntu. Wayekholelwa ukuthi akuwona wonke umuntu owayenamandla okuhola ngokuhlakanipha. Ngakho-ke, umbuso ofanele udinga uhlelo lwemfundo nokukhethwa okuqinile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi labo ababusayo yilabo abaqonda ngempela ubuhle, hhayi nje labo abanamandla noma abadumile.
Isazi Sefilosofi kanye Nomqondo Wobuhle
Umqondo odumile kaPlato ngowomuntu oyisazi sefilosofi: umholi ophinde abe yisazi sefilosofi. Kuye, umuntu okwazi ukuqonda isimo soBuhle kuphela ofanelekela ubuholi, ngoba ukubusa kuyisenzo sokuziphatha kanye nesobuhlakani. Ngaphandle kolwazi lokuhle, amandla aba kalula ithuluzi lokwanelisa umuntu siqu noma iqembu.
UPlato uchaza uhambo oluya olwazini encwadini ethi Allegory of the Cave: indoda ebhajwe emhumeni ibona izithunzi kuphela, iziphambanise neqiniso. Isazi sefilosofi yilowo ophuma emhumeni, abone ukukhanya, futhi aqonde iqiniso langempela. Lapho ebuyela emhumeni ukuzohola, angase angathandwa, kodwa uhola ngokusekelwe eqinisweni, hhayi emibonweni yabantu abaningi.
Ngomongo wobulungiswa, ulwazi lobuhle luqondisa abaholi ukuhlela umbuso ukuze kuzuze wonke umuntu, hhayi ukuze kuzuzwe ngokushesha. Ubulungiswa abuyona into yokuyekethisa amandla, kodwa kunalokho umyalo osiza zonke izingxenye zombuso ukuthi zisebenze kahle.
Ubulungiswa Nemfundo: Ukubumba Umlingiswa
UPlato wagcizelela ukuthi ubulungiswa abukwazi ukuphoqelelwa ngomthetho kuphela; kumele bumiswe ngemfundo (paideia). Imfundo esesimweni esifanele ayifundisi nje kuphela amakhono kodwa futhi ibumba umphefumulo: ukuqondisa izinkanuko, ukuhlakulela isibindi esilungile, nokulola isizathu sokuqaphela okuhle. Umculo kanye ne-gymnastics, isibonelo, kubhekwa njengokubalulekile ekulawuleni imizwa nomzimba, kuyilapho izibalo nefilosofi kuqeqesha umphefumulo ekucabangeni okungaqondakali nokuhlelekile.
Ngaphakathi kwalolu hlaka, ubulungiswa buwumphumela wentuthuko yesikhathi eside. Umbuso onobulungiswa kumele uqinisekise ukuthi izakhamuzi zawo—ikakhulukazi abaholi besikhathi esizayo—zinobuntu obuvuthiwe, azifumbathiswa kalula, futhi azigqilazwa yizifiso zomuntu siqu.
Ukugxekwa Nokubaluleka Komqondo KaPlato Wobulungiswa
Umqondo kaPlato wobulungiswa uvame ukugxekwa ngokuba nohlu oluphezulu kakhulu nokuvula isikhala sobushiqela. Uma "amaqembu athile" kuphela abhekwa njengafanele ubuholi, amandla angaqinisekiswa kanjani ngokumelene nokuhlukunyezwa? Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlukana kwezigaba ngaphakathi kwesifundazwe sikaPlato kubonakala kuvimbela ukuhamba komphakathi. Abanye abagxeki bathi imodeli kaPlato ayishiyi isikhala senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kanye nokuhlukahluka kwemibono.
Nokho, ukubaluleka kukaPlato kusalokhu kunamandla ngezindlela eziningana. Okokuqala, usikhumbuza ukuthi ubulungiswa akuyona nje indaba yenqubo yezomthetho, kodwa futhi nobuntu kanye nokuhleleka kwangaphakathi. Okwesibili, ugcizelela ukubaluleka kwabaholi abanolwazi nabanesimilo, hhayi nje abaholi abawina imincintiswano yokuthandwa. Okwesithathu, umqondo wokuthi umphakathi ophilile udinga ukuhlukaniswa okucacile kwemisebenzi kanye nesimiso senkonzo yomphakathi uhlala uyisikhuthazo ezingxoxweni zanamuhla zokuziphatha kwezepolitiki.
I-Penutup
KuPlato, ubulungiswa buwukuzwana: kokubili ngaphakathi komphefumulo nangaphakathi kombuso. Kubantu, ubulungiswa bukhona lapho ukucabanga kubusa, umoya usekela, futhi izinkanuko zilawulwa. Embusweni, ubulungiswa buyenzeka lapho iqembu ngalinye—ababusi, abaqaphi, nabakhiqizi—lenza imisebenzi yalo ngokwamandla alo futhi liqondiswe enhlalakahleni yomphakathi. Ubulungiswa abubonwa njengesivumelwano sesikhashana noma ithuluzi lezintshisekelo ezinamandla, kodwa njengohlelo oluqondile oluhambisana neqiniso.
Ngokubeka ubulungiswa njengohlelo lwangaphakathi nolwezenhlalo, uPlato usinika indlela yokubona ukuthi izinkinga zokungabi nabulungisa zivame ukuvela esiphithiphithini ngaphakathi komphefumulo womuntu: lapho isifiso noma isifiso sokubamba izintambo sithatha izintambo. Ngakho-ke, umzabalazo wobulungiswa awukona nje ukulungisa uhlelo, kodwa futhi umayelana nokuhlakulela ubuntu, imfundo, nokuhlakanipha. Ezweni elihlala libhekene nokungalingani kanye nezintshisekelo ezingqubuzanayo, ukucabanga kukaPlato kuyaqhubeka nokusiphonsela inselelo yokubuza: ingabe ubulungiswa sebuyinto evamile yomphefumulo, noma nje isiqubulo emphakathini?
