Ukuqonda kanye Nokubili Kwengqondo
I-Pendahuluan
Ukuqaphela kungenye yezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu nezididayo kwifilosofi, kwisayikholoji, kanye nakwisayensi yezinzwa. Nakuba sonke sinolwazi "ngokuqaphela," incazelo eqondile yokuqaphela isalokhu iyindaba yempikiswano. Kulesi simo, ububili bengqondo—umqondo wokuthi kukhona ukungqubuzana noma ububili ngaphakathi komuntu—kuvame ukubizwa ukuze kuchazwe ukuthi ukuqonda kusebenza kanjani. Lesi sihloko sizohlola le mibono emibili futhi sizame ukuyihlanganisa ukuze sinikeze ukuqonda okuphelele.
Ukuqwashisa: Isingeniso
Ukuqaphela kungachazwa njengesimo sokwazi nokuqonda. Empilweni yansuku zonke, kuhlanganisa izici ezahlukene, okuhlanganisa imizwa, imicabango, izinkumbulo, kanye nokuqonda. Kuye kwaphakanyiswa imibono eminingi ukuchaza lesi simo, kusukela emibonweni yezinto ezibonakalayo ebheka ukwazi njengomkhiqizo wezinqubo zomzimba ebuchosheni, kuya ezindleleni ezixubile ezibheka ukwazi njengento ehlukile ebuchosheni obungokwenyama.
Ocwaningweni lwanamuhla, ososayensi abaningi bazama ukuxazulula izindlela ze-neurobiological zokuqwashisa. Basebenzisa amasu anjengokuthwebula izithombe zobuchopho ukuze baqonde ukuthi uchungechunge lomsebenzi wezinzwa lungakhiqiza kanjani okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu. Naphezu kwentuthuko enkulu, imfihlakalo yokuqwashisa ayikaxazululwa.
Ubunye Bengqondo: Umbono Wefilosofi
Ububili bengqondo bubhekisela emcabangweni wokuthi abantu banezici ezimbili noma izingxenye eziyinhloko: ingqondo eqondayo kanye nengqondo engaphansi kokuqonda. Izazi zefilosofi ezifana noRené Descartes zaziphakathi kwabokuqala ukuphakamisa uhlobo oludlulele lobubili, oluvame ukwaziwa ngokuthi “ububili be-res cogitans” (into yokucabanga) kanye “ne-res extensa” (into yokunweba).
Ingqondo Eqondayo
Ingqondo eqondayo iyingxenye yengqondo yethu esiyaziyo futhi esingayilawula. Yisici sethu esikwazi ukucabanga, ukuhlela, ukuxazulula izinkinga, nokwenza izinqumo. Ingqondo eqondayo ihilelekile kuzo zonke izinhlobo zomsebenzi wengqondo odinga amandla okuzimisela, ukunaka, kanye nokuzihlola.
Ingqondo Engaphansi Kokuqonda
Ngokungafani nengqondo eqondayo, ingqondo eqondayo iqukethe uchungechunge lwezinqubo zengqondo ezisebenza ngaphandle kokuqaphela kwethu. Ngokusho kokuhlaziywa kwengqondo kwakudala, okwathandwa kakhulu nguSigmund Freud, ingqondo eqondayo igcina izinkumbulo, izifiso, nezifiso ezibuhlungu kakhulu noma ezingakhululekile ukuba zifakwe engqondweni eqondayo. Ingqondo eqondayo ithonya kakhulu ukuziphatha kwethu, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kokuqaphela kwethu.
Ubudlelwano Phakathi Kokuqaphela Nokubili Kwengqondo
Ukuqonda kanye nobubili bengqondo kuhlangana kanjani futhi kuthintana kanjani? Enye indlela yokubona lokhu iwukufunda ukuthi izinqubo zokungazi zingathonya kanjani ukuqonda kanye nokuphikisana nalokho.
Ithonya Lengqondo Engaphansi Kokuqaphela Engqondweni
Kuvamile ukuhlangana nezimo lapho ingqondo engaphansi komhlaba ingena khona engqondweni. Isibonelo, sivame ukwenza izinqumo ngokusekelwe "ekuzizweni kwesisu" noma "ekuzizweni kwesisu" esingakuqondi ngokugcwele. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi isici sengqondo yethu esingaphansi komhlaba sivame ukuthonya imicabango yethu engaphansi komhlaba.
Isibonelo, emisebenzini yansuku zonke njengokukhetha ukudla noma indlela yokuhamba, singase sicabange ukuthi senza lezi zinqumo ngamabomu. Kodwa-ke, ngokuvamile izisusa ezingabonakali njengemikhuba, izinkumbulo zobuntwana, noma okuhlangenwe nakho kwangaphambilini kudlala indima enkulu kunalokho esikuqaphelayo.
Ithonya Lokuqaphela Engqondweni Engaphansi Kokuqaphela
Okwamanje, ingqondo eqondayo ingathonya ingqondo eqondayo. Le nqubo ivame ukuhamba kancane futhi idinga umzamo owengeziwe. Enye indlela yokwenza lokhu iwukusebenzisa amasu okujwayela, lapho sizijwayeza khona isenzo noma umcabango ngokuphindaphindiwe kuze kube yilapho ugxila engqondweni yethu eqondayo.
Isibonelo, umuntu ofuna ukunqoba ukwesaba ukukhuluma esidlangalaleni angase aqhubeke nokuzijwayeza amakhono akhe okukhuluma futhi akhe ukuzethemba kwakhe. Lokhu kuphindaphinda njalo kungasiza "ukufundisa" ingqondo engaphansi kokuqonda ukuthi isabele kahle ezimweni ezivame ukubangela ukukhathazeka.
Ukuqaphela Embonweni Wesayensi Yezinzwa
Ngokombono we-neuroscience, ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi kukhona ukusebenzisana okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu phakathi kwezingxenye ezahlukene zobuchopho ezidlala indima ekwakheni ukuqonda. Esinye isifunda esibaluleke kakhulu kulokhu yi-prefrontal cortex, edlala indima enkulu emisebenzini yokuphatha njengokuhlela, ukwenza izinqumo, kanye nokuzithiba.
Isebenza “njengesikhungo sokulawula,” i-prefrontal cortex icubungula okokufaka okuvela ezingxenyeni eziningi ezahlukene zobuchopho, ihlanganisa ulwazi lwezinzwa, izinkumbulo, kanye nezimpendulo zemizwelo ukuze yakhe okuhlangenwe nakho okuqondile. Ngokuthakazelisayo, ezinye izifundo zibonisa ukuthi i-lateral prefrontal cortex isebenza kakhulu lapho abantu becelwa ukuba banake imicabango nemizwa yabo, okubonisa indima yayo ebalulekile ekuzazini nasekucabangeni okujulile.
Umbono Wengqondo
Ku-psychology, imibono eminingi izama ukuchaza ukuthi ukwazi kanye nobubili bengqondo kungahlanganiswa kanjani. Imibono efana ne-Cognitivism ithi ingqondo yomuntu ifana nekhompyutha, equkethe uchungechunge lwezinhlelo ezenziwa "yiprosesa" - kulokhu, ubuchopho.
Kodwa-ke, ukusebenzisa le mbono kumongo wokwazi kuphakamisa imibuzo eminingi. Uma ubuchopho bungumshini oqhuba izinhlelo, ulwazi luhlala kuphi? Izinqubo ezenziwa ubuchopho obubonakalayo zidala kanjani ulwazi oluzimele esilubiza ngokuthi "ukwazi"?
Enye imodeli ethandwayo kule ndawo yi-Global Working Model Theory, ephakanyiswe nguBernard Baars. Ngokwale mbono, ukuqonda kusebenza “njengesigaba esiphakathi” lapho izinqubo ezahlukene zokuqonda zincintisana khona ukuze kunakekelwe. Ulwazi oluphumelela “ekubambeni ukunaka” lucutshungulwa futhi lufinyeleleke ezinhlelweni ezahlukene zokulawula ukuqonda eziphakeme.
Isiphetho
Ukuqwashisa kanye nobubili bengqondo kuyimibono emibili ethokozisayo nebalulekile ekuqondeni ubuntu bomuntu. Nakuba senze intuthuko enkulu ocwaningweni kuzo zonke izigaba ezahlukene ukuze siqonde ukuthi ukuqonda kusebenza kanjani nokuthi ububili bengqondo bungazichaza kanjani izici eziningi zokuziphatha komuntu, kusasele imibuzo eminingi ephendulwayo. Ubudlelwano phakathi kokuqwashisa nokungazi, ukuthi kuthintana kanjani, kanye nezinqubo ze-neurobiological ezisekela lezi zinqubo kusalokhu kuyimfihlakalo ethakazelisayo edinga ukuphenywa okwengeziwe.
Ukuhlola okwengeziwe kulezi zindawo ezimbili ngeke kusinikeze nje ukuqonda okujulile ngokuthi 'singobani' nokuthi 'sisebenza kanjani,' kodwa kungaba nemiphumela ebanzi ewusizo emikhakheni efana ne-psychology yezokwelapha, i-neuroscience, ngisho nobuchwepheshe bobuhlakani bokwenziwa besikhathi esizayo. Njengoba siqhubeka nokuhlola nokuhlola ngokujulile, ngolunye usuku singase sithole ukuqonda okuphelele nokuphelele kwalezi zimo eziyisisekelo.
