I-Phenomenology kanye Nomqondo Wokuba Khona
I-Phenomenology yisikole sefilosofi esigxile ekuhlaziyweni okuqondile kokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu kanye nokuqonda. Lesi sikole saqalwa ngu-Edmund Husserl ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Ngendlela ehlelekile yokuhlangenwe nakho okuqondile, i-phenomenology ihlose ukuhlola umongo wento ngayinye njengoba ibonwa yilowo obhekana nayo. Kulesi simo, ukuqonda ukuba khona noma 'ukuba khona' kuhlolwa ngokuhlaziywa kokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu kusukela embonweni womuntu wokuqala.
Umsuka Nokuthuthukiswa Kwezinto Ezibonakalayo
I-Phenomenology inezimpande zomlando ezavela emisebenzini yezazi zefilosofi ezifana no-Immanuel Kant noFranz Brentano. Kodwa-ke, indlela ehlelekile neyokusebenza ye-phenomenology yasungulwa okokuqala ngu-Edmund Husserl. UHusserl wagcizelela ukubaluleka kokubuyela “ezintweni ngokwazo” (Zu den Sachen selbst), okusho ukufuna ukuqonda okuhlangenwe nakho njengoba kunjalo ngaphandle kokuthonywa yizinkolelo noma ulwazi lwangaphambilini.
UHusserl wasebenzisa indlela yokunciphisa izinto (i-epoché), ehlose "ukumisa" ukuba khona komhlaba wangaphandle ukuze abone izinto njengoba zibonakala engqondweni. Le ndlela ihlose ukuthola umongo wokuhlangenwe nakho ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kwemibono noma ukuhumusha okucatshangelwe.
Ngemva kukaHusserl, i-phenomenology yathuthukiswa kakhulu izazi zefilosofi ezifana noMartin Heidegger, uJean-Paul Sartre, noMaurice Merleau-Ponty. Nakuba bahamba ngezindlela ezahlukene futhi basebenzisa i-phenomenology ezimweni ezahlukene, bonke bahlala besekelwe ezimisweni eziyisisekelo zokuhlangenwe nakho okuqondile kanye nokuhlaziywa kokuqwashisa.
Ukuqonda Ukuba Khona Kwezehlakalo
Ngokwesimo se-phenomenology, umqondo 'wokuba khona' uthatha indawo ephambili. Ngokusho kukaHeidegger, ukuba khona (Sein) kuwumbuzo oyisisekelo kakhulu kwifilosofi. UHeidegger waphikisana ngokuthi ifilosofi yaseNtshonalanga yayisinakile isikhathi eside kakhulu indaba yokuba khona, esikhundleni salokho igxile ezintweni ngazinye noma 'ukuba khona' (das Seiende) kunokuba khona ngokwakho.
Ukuze aqonde ukuba khona, uHeidegger wethula umqondo kaDasein, okusho ngokwezwi nezwi ukuthi “ukuba khona” noma “ukuba khona.” UDasein ubhekisela ohlotsheni lokuphila okuhlukile kubantu, okungukuthi ukuba khona okuqaphela ukuba khona kwakho. UHeidegger uthi ukuze siqonde ukuba khona, kumelwe siqale siqonde izindlela thina njengoDasein esibhekana ngazo nomhlaba.
UJean-Paul Sartre, isazi sezinto eziphathelene nokuphila, naye wagxila ezifundweni zakhe emqondweni wokuba khona. Kodwa-ke, uSartre wabheka ukuba khona ngokombono wenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo wokuba khona. Ngokusho kukaSartre, “ukuba khona kuqala ngaphambi kokuba khona,” okusho ukuthi akukho okubalulekile okusichaza kusengaphambili; kunalokho, sizichaza ngezenzo zethu kanye nokukhetha kwethu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uMaurice Merleau-Ponty, wagcizelela ukubaluleka komzimba njengendawo ebalulekile yokuphila. Emsebenzini wakhe odumile, i-“Phénoménologie de la Perception,” uMerleau-Ponty wagcizelela ukuthi okuhlangenwe nakho kwethu kwezinzwa kanye nomzimba wethu kuyisikhungo sazo zonke izimo. Waphikisana ngokuthi umzimba awuyona nje into esemhlabeni kodwa futhi uyindlela yokuba khona emhlabeni.
Indlela Yezinto Ezibonakalayo
Ukuze kuhlolwe ingqikithi yokuba khona, i-phenomenology isebenzisa izindlela eziningana eziqondile ezenzelwe ukuhlola nokuhlaziya okuhlangenwe nakho okuqondile. Kunezinyathelo eziningana ezibalulekile endleleni ye-phenomenological:
1. I-Epoché (Ukunciphisa Izinto): Njengoba kuchazwe nguHusserl, lesi yisinyathelo sokuqala lapho ukubuka umhlaba wangempela kugxilwe khona ekugxileni kokuhlangenwe nakho okumsulwa ekuqondeni.
2. Inhloso: Lona umqondo oyinhloko ku-phenomenology obhekisela esakhiweni esiyisisekelo sokuqaphela, esihlala siqondiswe kokuthile. Ukuqaphela akukaze kube khona endaweni engenalutho; kuhlale kukhona ubudlelwano phakathi kwesihloko esiqondayo nento ebonwayo.
3. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Noetic-Noematic: Lokhu ukuhlukaniswa kwesakhiwo sokuhlangenwe nakho, lapho i-noesis ibhekisela emsebenzini wengqondo womuntu ohilelekile, kanti i-noema ibhekisela kokuqukethwe noma into evezwa engqondweni.
4. Incazelo:
Izinyathelo ezingenhla, ndawonye, zihlose ukunikeza isithombe esicacile sengqikithi yento ehlaziywayo, evame ukubhalwa phansi ngendlela yencazelo eningiliziwe.
I-Fenomenology kanye nokuba khona esimweni samanje
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, i-phenomenology iye yathuthuka ngale kwemingcele yezemfundo neyefilosofi futhi yanda yaya emikhakheni eyahlukene njenge-psychology, i-sociology, kanye ne-anthropology. Ku-psychology, isibonelo, i-phenomenology isetshenziselwa ukuqonda ukuthi abantu babhekana kanjani futhi banikeze incazelo ezenzakalweni ezahlukene empilweni yabo. Le ndlela ivumela okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu ngamunye kanye nokwabantu ngabanye okuvame ukunganakwa izindlela zocwaningo lwezibalo.
Ku-sociology kanye ne-anthropology, i-phenomenology isize ekuqondeni ukuthi amaqembu ahlukene omphakathi abhekana kanjani nomhlaba wawo. Isibonelo, izifundo ze-ethnography ezisekelwe endleleni ye-phenomenological zingangena ngokujulile endleleni amaqembu athile aqonda ngayo futhi anikeze incazelo emasikweni awo.
I-Phenomenology nayo ithonya ukwelashwa kanye nokwelulekwa. Indlela ye-phenomenological igcizelela ukubaluleka kokulalela okuhlangenwe nakho kanye nemibono yamakhasimende ngaphandle kwemibono noma izahlulelo. Lokhu kusiza ukuqonda iqiniso leklayenti ngokombono wabo, okuvumela ukwelashwa okuzwelana kakhulu nokusebenzayo.
Iminikelo kanye nokugxekwa kwe-Phenomenology
I-Phenomenology ibe negalelo elikhulu ekwandiseni ukuqonda kwethu okuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu. Ngokubeka okuhlangenwe nakho okuqondile kanye nezakhiwo zokuqonda enkabeni yokuhlaziywa, i-phenomenology ivula isikhala sokuqonda okujulile ubunzima bokuba khona kwabantu.
Kodwa-ke, le ndlela ibhekene nokugxekwa. Okunye ukugxekwa okukhulu ubunzima be-'epoché,' noma ukumiswa kwezinkolelo-mbono esezinesikhathi eside. Abaningi bathi ukuzihlukanisa ngokuphelele nemibono yangaphambilini cishe akunakwenzeka, njengoba siqhubeka sithonywa ngokungazi yisizinda sethu samasiko, imfundo, kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-phenomenology ngezinye izikhathi ibhekwa njengeyengqondo kakhulu, njengoba ukugxila kwayo okuyinhloko kokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu ngamunye kungakhohlwa izakhiwo zomphakathi ezibanzi ezakha lolo lwazi.
Isiphetho
I-Phenomenology, njengesikole sefilosofi, ivule izindlela ezintsha zokuqonda ulwazi kanye nokuba khona komuntu. Ngokuhlaziya ulwazi oluqondile kanye nokuqonda, i-phenomenology ifuna ukuthola umongo wento ngayinye. Ngokuvuma nokwazisa ulwazi oluvela kumuntu, i-phenomenology inikeza indlela ecebile nejulile yokuqonda ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukuba yikho. Naphezu kokubhekana nokugxekwa okuhlukahlukene, indlela ye-phenomenological isasebenza futhi iyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yesayensi kanye nokwenza.
Umqondo wokuba khona ku-phenomenology, njengoba uchazwe ngabantu abanjengoHusserl, uHeidegger, uSartre, noMerleau-Ponty, unikeza umbono oveza ubunzima nokujula kwabantu abazimele ezweni lanamuhla elivame ukunganaki ubukhulu bokuhlangenwe nakho. Ngokombono we-phenomenological, ukuba khona akuyona into engaguquki futhi enohlangothi olulodwa, kodwa kunalokho inqubo eguquguqukayo ehlala isesimweni sokuzwa, ukuqonda, nokwenza incazelo.
