Ubukhona kanye Nomqondo Wobuqiniso
I-Existentialism iyisikole sefilosofi esibeka okuhlangenwe nakho okuqondile komuntu—ukukhathazeka, inkululeko, ukukhetha, isizungu, kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo—enkabeni yengxoxo yaso. Ngokungafani nezindlela zefilosofi ezifuna incazelo eqondile yemvelo yomuntu, i-existentialism yenqaba umqondo wokuthi abantu bane-“essential” enqunyiwe. Ngaphakathi kwalolu hlaka, abantu baqondwa njengezidalwa ezihlala “ziba”: zizenzela ngokwazo ngezenzo zazo, izinqumo, kanye nendlela ezihumusha ngayo impilo. Omunye wemibono ebaluleke kakhulu ezalwa yilesi siko ubuqiniso, okungukuthi umzamo wokuphila “ngeqiniso” kumuntu wangempela, kunokulandela nje izidingo zangaphandle noma ukukhawulela izindima zomphakathi.
Izimpande Zobukhona: Kusukela Ebukhoneni Kuya Enkululekweni
I-Existentialism ivame ukuhlotshaniswa nabacabangi abanjengoSøren Kierkegaard, uFriedrich Nietzsche, uMartin Heidegger, uJean-Paul Sartre, uSimone de Beauvoir, no-Albert Camus. Naphezu kwemibono yabo ehlukene, kukhona intambo efanayo eqinile: abantu abazona izinto ezingenzi lutho ezweni elivele lihlelekile, kodwa kunalokho bayizithulu eziphonswe ezweni elingenaso isiqiniseko esiphelele. Yilapho kuvela khona inkulumo edumile kaSartre ethi, "ubukhona buqala ngaphambi kwengqikithi,". Lokhu kusho ukuthi abantu baqala ukuba khona, bese, ngokukhetha kwabo, babumba ukuthi bangobani. Akukho plan eqinisekisa incazelo yokuphila; incazelo kumele idalwe.
Lo mbono unemiphumela yengqondo neyokuziphatha. Inkululeko yomuntu ayisona isipho esiduduzayo, kodwa umthwalo odinga umthwalo wemfanelo. Uma kungekho sisekelo esiqinisekile ngokuphelele—akukho “incwadi” yokuphila ebanzi—khona-ke umuntu ngamunye kumelwe athwale ingozi yezinqumo. Ukukhathazeka okukhona akuveli ngoba abantu bebuthakathaka, kodwa ngoba abantu bayaqaphela ukuthi izimpilo zabo azikwazi ukunikezwa abanye, nokuthi izinqumo zabo zinemiphumela ngempela.
Ubuqiniso: Ukuhlala Ngokuvumelana Nawe
Ubuqiniso ekuziphatheni kwezinto akukhona nje ukuthi "ungumuntu" ngomqondo ovamile. Akusona isiqubulo esishukumisayo, kodwa kunalokho isimo sengqondo ngokuphila esidinga ukwethembeka okukhulu ngesimo somuntu: silinganiselwe, sibuthakathaka, siyawenza amaphutha, kodwa futhi sikhululekile ukukhetha. Ukuphila ngokweqiniso kusho ukuqaphela inkululeko yethu ngenkathi samukela ukuthi asinakukugwema umthwalo wemfanelo walezo zinqumo.
Ezingeni elingokoqobo, ubuqiniso buhlobene nekhono lomuntu lokwenza izinto ngokusekelwe ezindinganisweni ezikhethwe ngamabomu, kunokuba zithathwe ngokuzenzakalelayo emndenini, emasikweni, noma ekucindezelweni komphakathi. Umuntu ongokoqobo akahlali ephikisana nomkhuba, kodwa akamane nje anamathele kuwo ngaphandle kokucabanga. Bayabuza: Ingabe yile ndlela engikhetha ukuphila ngayo ngempela, noma ngiphila ngayo ngenxa yokwesaba ukuba ohlukile?
UHeidegger: “Das Man” kanye nokuwa esixukwini
UMartin Heidegger, encwadini yakhe ethi Being and Time, uxoxa ngabantu njengoDasein—izidalwa eziqaphela ukuba khona kwazo. Ngokusho kukaHeidegger, abantu bavame ukuwela ekuphileni okungenalo iqiniso lapho becwila “esixukwini” namasiko omphakathi, awabiza ngokuthi u-das Man (cishe: “umuntu ovamile”). Kwimodi ka-das Man, umuntu uphila ngokwezindinganiso ezingaziwa: “abantu basho lokhu,” “abantu bavame ukwenza lokho,” “into ebalulekile ukubonakala sengathi uyaphumelela.”
Ukuphila kanje kuzizwa kuphephile ngoba sihamba nokugeleza. Kodwa-ke, lokho kuvikeleka kuza nezindleko: silahlekelwa ukuxhumana namathuba ethu ayingqayizivele. UHeidegger ugcizelele ukuthi enye indlela eya eqinisweni ukubhekana neqiniso lomuntu siqu: ukufa. Ukuqaphela ukufa akuhloselwe ukwenza impilo ibe lusizi, kodwa kunalokho kusivusa ekushayeleni okuzenzakalelayo. Lapho umuntu eqaphela ukuthi impilo inomkhawulo, umuntu uphoqeleka ukuba enze ukukhetha okuhlosiwe: yini ebaluleke ngempela uma isikhathi singenamkhawulo?
USartre: Inkululeko, Umthwalo Wemfanelo, kanye “Nokukholwa Okubi”
UJean-Paul Sartre waba negalelo elikhulu ngomqondo wokholo olubi (mauvai foi), oluvame ukuhunyushwa ngokuthi “ukholo olubi” noma ukuzikhohlisa. Ukholo olubi lwenzeka lapho umuntu ephika inkululeko yakhe—ngokwesibonelo, ngokufihla izindima zomphakathi, isiphetho, noma imithetho—ukuze agweme ukukhathazeka ngokukhetha. Isibonelo esivamile umuntu uthi, “Ngiyisisebenzi nje, ngilandela nje imiyalo,” njengokungathi akanayo ngempela inketho yokuziphatha. Ngokusho kukaSartre, ngisho noma izinketho zibonakala zilinganiselwe, abantu basakhetha isimo sabo sengqondo: ukulalela, ukumelana, ukulibala, noma ukuhoxa.
Ubuqotho, ngokombono kaSartre, busho ukuqaphela ukuthi sihlala singaphezu kwamagama esiwabelwe. Asisibo nje "umsebenzi," "isimo," noma "umlingiswa" oqandisiwe. Siyimisebenzi eqhubekayo, futhi isenzo ngasinye sivuselela lokho esiyikho. Ngakho-ke, ukuphila kwangempela kudinga ukuvumelana phakathi kokuqaphela kwethu inkululeko nezenzo esizenzayo.
USimone de Beauvoir: Ubuqiniso kanye nobudlelwano nomunye umuntu
USimone de Beauvoir wandisa ingxoxo ngobuqiniso ngokugcizelela izici zayo zobudlelwano kanye nezenhlalo. Emithethweni yakhe yokuziphatha yobukhona, inkululeko akuyona ubugovu obuzibophezele, kodwa kunalokho kuyinto eyenzeka ngokubambisana nenkululeko yabanye. Umuntu akanakuba yiqiniso ngokuphelele uma ecindezela noma egxeka abanye, ngoba izenzo ezinjalo zinciphisa ubuntu—bobabanye kanye nobakhe.
UDe Beauvoir uphinde wagxeka indlela ezinye izakhiwo zomphakathi ezikhuthaza ngayo abantu ukuba baphile izimpilo ezingaqinisekile. Isibonelo, lapho umuntu ephoqeleka ukwamukela ubuwena obuchazwe ngokuqinile ngumphakathi, isikhala sokukhetha siyancishiswa. Ngakho-ke, umzabalazo wobuqiniso awuyona njalo indaba "yangaphakathi" kuphela, kodwa futhi uhlobene nezimo zomphakathi ezivumela noma ezivimbela inkululeko.
I-Camus: Ubuwula, Ukuvukela, kanye Nokwethembeka Kokuphila
U-Albert Camus uvame ukubekwa eceleni kwe-existentialism, kodwa umbono wakhe wobuwula ubaluleke kakhulu. KuCamus, abantu bafuna incazelo, kodwa umhlaba awuhlali unikeza impendulo ehambisanayo. Ukungezwani phakathi kwesifiso sencazelo nokuthula komhlaba yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi ubuwula. Impendulo yangempela kokungenangqondo akukhona ukuzinikela, kodwa ukuphila ngokwethembeka: ukwamukela ukuthi impilo ayinikezi ziqinisekiso, kodwa ukhetha ukwenza, ukudala, ukuthanda, nokudala incazelo ngendlela yomuntu.
Ku-The Myth of Sisyphus, uCamus uveza uSisyphus esunduza idwala liye phezulu yize lihlala liwela phansi. Emehlweni kaCamus, ubukhulu bomuntu busesibindini sokuphila impilo ngokuqonda, ngaphandle kwemicabango engamanga, kodwa futhi ngaphandle kokuphelelwa yithemba.
Ubuqiniso Esikhathini Sanamuhla: Phakathi Kwezingcindezi Zezokuxhumana Nezokukhiqiza
Umqondo wobuqiniso usuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu enkathini yanamuhla. Izinkundla zokuxhumana, isiko lesithombe, kanye nezidingo zokukhiqiza zivame ukukhuthaza abantu ukuba bakhe "ubuwena" obungathengiswa: isithombe sokubonakala bephumelela, bejabule, futhi behlala benza kahle. Kulesi simo, ukuphila okungenalo iqiniso kungenzeka lapho umuntu elinganisa ukubaluleka kwakhe ngokusekelwe ekuqinisekisweni kwangaphandle. Benza izinto hhayi ngoba zibalulekile kubo, kodwa ngoba bathola ukuqashelwa.
Nokho, ubuqiniso akusho ukwenqaba wonke amathonya angaphandle. Abantu bahlala bephila ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi yobudlelwano, amasiko, kanye nezikhungo. Okwenza umehluko isimo sengqondo sokucabanga: ingabe ngilandela nje, noma ngiyahlola, ngikhethe, futhi ngithathe umthwalo wemfanelo? Ubuqiniso abusona futhi isizathu sokuba luhlaza ngaphansi kwesizathu sokuthi "Nginguye enginguye." Ukuphila kwangempela kudinga ukuvuthwa: ukuqonda imiphumela yezenzo nokubheka abanye abantu njengezihloko, hhayi nje isizinda.
Ukuphila Impilo Eyiqiniso: Ukugcizelela Okuthile
Okokuqala, ubuqiniso buqala ngokuqwashisa. Umuntu udinga ukuqaphela izikhathi lapho ephila ngokuzenzakalelayo: ukulandela imikhuba, ukuphishekela imigomo, noma ukugcina isithombe ngaphandle kokuqonda ngempela lokho akufunayo. Okwesibili, ubuqiniso budinga isibindi sokubekezelela ukukhathazeka kokukhetha. Akukho ukukhetha okungenazo nhlobo izingozi, kodwa ukugwema ukukhetha kuvame ukushiya impilo izizwa ingenalutho. Okwesithathu, ubuqiniso budinga umthwalo wemfanelo wokuziphatha: noma yini esiyikhethayo iyasibumba, kuyilapho futhi ithinta izimpilo zabanye.
I-Penutup
I-Existentialism, egxile ekuphileni komuntu okuqondile, inikeza ilensi ebukhali yokuqonda izinkinga zokuphila: injabulo yenkululeko, ukukhathazeka kwemvelo, kanye nokufuna okungapheli kwencazelo. Phakathi kwakho konke lokhu, umqondo wobuqiniso usebenza njengohlobo lwekhampasi: isimemo sokuphila ngokuqaphela, ngokwethembeka, nangokuzibophezela. Ukuphila kwangempela akusona isimo esifinyelelwe bese siqedwa, kodwa kunalokho ukunyakaza okuqhubekayo kokuzikhethela—ezweni elivame ukunikeza indlela emfushane yokulalela okungacabangi. Ekugcineni, ubuqiniso buyisibindi sokuvuma ukuthi le mpilo ingeyethu, ngakho-ke ingeyethu ukuyiphila ngempela.
