Ubukhona kanye Nokungaqondakali Kokuphila
I-Existentialism iyisikole sefilosofi esazalelwa eYurophu ngekhulu lama-20, sigcizelela ukubaluleka komuntu ngamunye, inkululeko, kanye nokwenza izinqumo zomuntu siqu ekunikezeni incazelo empilweni yomuntu. Izazi zefilosofi zalesi sikole, njengoJean-Paul Sartre, u-Albert Camus, noFriedrich Nietzsche, zigcizelele ukuthi impilo ayinayo incazelo engokwemvelo, nokuthi abantu banikezwa inkululeko yokuzinqumela incazelo yabo.
Empeleni, ubukhona bezinto bubuza imibuzo ejulile mayelana nokuba khona komuntu: Iyini injongo yokuphila? Iyini injongo yethu lapha? Kufanele siphile kanjani izimpilo zethu? Ngokombono wobukhona bezinto, akukho ukuphela okunqunyiwe kusengaphambili. Lokhu kubeka umthwalo wemfanelo obalulekile kubantu ngamunye wokunquma ikusasa labo nokudala incazelo yezimpilo zabo. Lesi sikole sikhuthaza ukugwema ukuphila ngokusekelwe kokulindelekile nemithetho eyakhiwe umphakathi, inkolo, noma ezinye izikhungo. Umuntu okholelwa ebukhona bezinto ufuna ukuphila ngokweqiniso, okungukuthi, ngokuphila impilo eyiqiniso futhi engaboshiwe yizimiso nezimfundiso zangaphandle.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubuwula buwumqondo ohlobene kakhulu ne-existentialism, ikakhulukazi emisebenzini ka-Albert Camus. Ubuwula bubhekisela ekubhekaneni phakathi kokufuna kwesintu incazelo kanye nokungakwazi komhlaba ukukunikeza. Ngokusho kukaCamus, ukufuna kwesintu njalo incazelo ebukhoneni baso kuyinto engenangqondo ngoba impilo ngokwayo ayinakho ukucaca noma injongo eqondile.
UCamus uchaza lesi sihloko ngenganekwane kaSisyphus, umuntu ovela ezinganekwaneni zamaGreki owagwetshwa ukugingqa idwala njalo egqumeni, kodwa wathola ukuthi njalo lapho ecishe afike phezulu, idwala lalibuyela phansi. USisyphus wayebhajwe emjikelezweni ongapheli ongenamphumela obonakalayo. KuCamus, uSisyphus wayewuphawu lobuwula, kodwa ngemuva kwawo kwakunenkululeko namandla amakhulu abantu abanawo. UCamus waphetha ngokuthi “kumele sicabange ukuthi uSisyphus ujabule,” ngoba kuyinto engenamsebenzi lapho abantu bangathola khona inkululeko yangempela: ngokwamukela ubuwula nokuphikelela empilweni ngokugcwele.
UJean-Paul Sartre naye wadlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwefilosofi ye-existentialism. USartre wagcizelela ukuthi “ukuba khona kuqala ngaphambi kwe-essential.” Lokhu kusho ukuthi abantu baqala ngokuba khona, babhekane nokuphila, bese bekhululeka ukukhetha izenzo zabo nokudala bona ngokwabo ngokusekelwe kulezo zenzo. KuSartre, akukho-essential noma imvelo yomuntu eyisisekelo ekhona ngaphambi kokuzalwa; abantu badala incazelo yokuphila kwabo ngezinqumo nezenzo zabo.
USartre ugcizelele umqondo "wokukhathazeka okukhona" okuvela enkululekweni yabantu. Inkululeko yokwenza izinqumo ngaphandle kwesiqondiso esiphelele idala ukukhathazeka okukhulu, njengoba abantu beqaphela ukuthi banesibopho kuphela ngokudalwa kwabo kanye nemiphumela yezenzo zabo. Nakuba kusabisa, le nkululeko nayo ingumthombo wamandla nobuqotho, njengoba ivumela abantu ukuthi bakhe izimpilo zabo ngokusekelwe ekukhetheni kwabo, hhayi ezinqumweni zangaphandle.
Ubukhona kanye nobuhlanya bunikeza imibono engakhululekile kodwa ejulile ngokuphila komuntu. Bobabili bayayenqaba imibono echazwe kusengaphambili yenjongo nencazelo, befuna ukuthi abantu babhekane nobuze kanye nokungaqiniseki ngokubekezela kanye nokuzibandakanya ngokugcwele. Ngamafuphi, ukuphila kobukhona kuyimpilo eqaphela lokhu kungaqiniseki, evuma ubuwula, futhi esakhetha ukuphila impilo ngentshiseko nangomthwalo wemfanelo.
Kodwa-ke, naphezu kokubonakala kwayo njenge-nihilism, umcabango we-existentialist uqukethe nethemba elifihliwe. Ngokuvuma lokhu kungaqiniseki, sivula ithuba lokudala into yangempela futhi eyiqiniso empilweni yethu. Ngokuthatha umthwalo wemfanelo ogcwele wekusasa lethu, sinikezwa ithuba lokubumba umhlaba esiwufisayo, ngenkululeko ephelele nokuzethemba.
Inkinga evamile emcabangweni we-existentialist ukuthi abantu bangathola noma badale kanjani incazelo phakathi kwalokhu kungaqiniseki nokungenangqondo. Ngamazwi kaNietzsche, "uNkulunkulu ufile," okubonisa ukuwohloka kwemibono yendabuko yencazelo nenjongo enikezwa ngumuntu ophakeme. Esikhundleni salokho, abantu abakholelwa ekukhona baphonswa inselele yokuba "amabhuloho ezindinganiso ezintsha," okusho ukuthi kumele badale futhi balethe incazelo yabo ekuphileni ngesibindi nangomcabango.
Esinye isinyathelo esivame ukuthathwa yilabo abakholelwa ekubeni khona kwezinto ngesenzo. Ngesenzo, abantu baqinisekisa ukuba khona kwabo futhi baveze inkululeko yabo. Lezi zenzo akudingeki zibe zinkulu noma zibe yinguquko; ngezinye izikhathi izenzo zansuku zonke ezenziwa ngokwazi okugcwele kanye nenhloso zinganikeza nencazelo kanye nenjabulo yomuntu ngamunye. Njengoba uCamus eshilo, "Kholelwa esibindini somuntu," kumelwe sikholwe ukuthi ngesenzo esiqondile, singabhekana nobuwula futhi sithole incazelo lapho.
Ubuciko, izincwadi, ifilosofi, nothando kungenye yezindlela abantu abangazizwa futhi baveze ngazo ngokugcwele ubukhona babo. USartre, isibonelo, wagcizelela ukubaluleka kobuciko ekujuleni okuhlangenwe nakho kwempilo nasekuboniseni ubunzima bokuba khona komuntu. Ubuciko bunganikeza indlela yokubhekana nezinto ezingenangqondo zokuphila ngokuphenya ekujuleni kokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu nokuveza amaqiniso avame ukunganakwa noma anganakwa.
Othandweni, abantu abakholelwa ekubeni khona kwezinto bakubona njengensimu ejulile yokuzwa ubuntu bangempela. KuSartre, uthando akuyona into emane inikeze injabulo noma induduzo; kuwumzabalazo wokuqaphela nokwamukela inkululeko yomunye umuntu. Lesi yisenzo esiyingozi, ngoba uthando lwangempela luhilela ukuvuleleka kanye nokuba sengozini, kodwa kungalokhu kanye lapho singathola khona ukujula nobuhle bangempela bobudlelwano bethu nabanye.
Ekuphetheni, ubukhona bezinto kanye nobuwula bempilo kusiphonsela inselelo njengabantu ngabanye ukuba sithwale umthwalo wemfanelo ogcwele ngezimpilo zethu, ngisho naphakathi kokungaqiniseki nokungabikezeleki komhlaba. Zisikhuthaza ukuba sibhekane nobuwula ngesibindi, zidale incazelo kanye nenani ngaphakathi kithi. Kule nqubo, singathola inkululeko, ubuqiniso, futhi mhlawumbe, ukuthula kweqiniso. Qaphela ukuthi impilo iyinqaba, kodwa kungokwamukela ubuwula lapho singathola khona incazelo yangempela kanye nobuhle bokuba khona kwethu.
