Ushintsho lwezemvelo lungenye yezinkinga ezibaluleke kakhulu ezibhekene nesintu namuhla. Lolu shintsho luthinta izici ezahlukene zokuphila eMhlabeni, kusukela esimweni sezulu kanye nokuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo kuya empilweni yabantu. Nazi ezinye izinto ezibalulekile okufanele uzazi mayelana noshintsho lwezemvelo kanye nemiphumela yalo.
1. Ukwanda Kwezinga Lokushisa Lomhlaba Wonke
Kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, izinga lokushisa eliphakathi nendawo loMhlaba likhuphuke cishe ngama-degree Celsius angu-1,1. Lokhu kwanda kungenxa yemisebenzi yabantu, njengokushiswa kwezinto ezisetshenziswa ekubaseni, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, kanye nemisebenzi ehlukahlukene yezimboni ekhiqiza amagesi okushisa. I-World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) ibika ukuthi iminyaka emihlanu edlule ibilokhu ishisa kakhulu emlandweni wamarekhodi okushisa emhlabeni.
2. Ukwanda Kokugcwala Kwegesi Ebamba Ukushisa
Umkhathi woMhlaba ubhekene nokwanda kwamazinga egesi ezibangela ukushisa njenge-carbon dioxide (CO2), i-methane (CH4), kanye ne-nitrous oxide (N2O). Kusukela enkathini yangaphambi kwezimboni, amazinga e-CO2 asemkhathini akhuphuke ngaphezu kuka-40%. Ngokusho kwedatha evela ku-Mauna Loa Observatory, ngo-2020, amazinga e-CO2 afinyelele ngaphezu kwezingxenye ezingu-410 ngesigidi (ppm), okuphakeme kakhulu kunamazinga angaphambi kwezimboni angaba ngu-280 ppm.
3. Ukuncibilika kweqhwa ePoles naseGlaciers
Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kubangele ukuncibilika okukhulu kweqhwa e-Arctic nase-Antarctica, kanye nasezindaweni zeqhwa emhlabeni jikelele. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi iqhwa lase-Arctic Ocean liyancipha, ngokwesilinganiso, futhi indawo yokuncibilika kweqhwa njalo ehlobo iyanda. Lokhu kuncibilika kunegalelo ekukhuphukeni kwezinga lolwandle, okusongela izindawo ezisogwini kanye neziqhingi ezincane.
4. Ukuphakama Kwezinga Lolwandle
Ukwenyuka kwezinga lolwandle kungenye yemiphumela eqondile yokufudumala komhlaba. Kusukela ngo-1900, amazinga olwandle emhlabeni wonke akhuphuke cishe ngamasentimitha angama-20. Lokhu kwanda kubangelwa ukuncibilika kweqhwa lasezindaweni ezibandayo kanye nokwanda kwamanzi olwandle ngenxa yokwenyuka kwamazinga okushisa. Uma lo mkhuba uqhubeka, amadolobha amaningi asogwini, ama-delta emifula, kanye neziqhingi ezincane zizobhekana nengozi enkulu yezikhukhula.
5. Izinguquko Ezindleleni Zesimo Sezulu
Ukufudumala komhlaba nakho kuthinta amaphethini esimo sezulu emhlabeni jikelele. Izehlakalo zesimo sezulu ezimbi kakhulu ezifana namagagasi okushisa, iziphepho, kanye nemvula enkulu ziya ngokuya ziba ziningi futhi zinamandla. Lezi zinguquko zithinta imvelo yemvelo kanye nengqalasizinda yabantu, okwandisa ingozi yezinhlekelele zemvelo ezifana nezikhukhula, ukudilika komhlaba kanye nemililo yamahlathi.
6. Ukwenziwa Kwe-asidi Yolwandle
Izilwandle zimunca cishe u-30% we-CO2 ekhiqizwa yimisebenzi yabantu. Le nqubo ibangela ukwakheka kwe-acid olwandle, okusongela imvelo yasolwandle kanye nokuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo. Ukwanda kwe-acid olwandle kulimaza amakhorali nezinye izinto eziphilayo zasolwandle ngamagobolondo e-calcium carbonate, njenge-mollusk kanye nezinye izinhlobo ze-plankton.
7. Ukulahlekelwa Kokuhlukahluka Kwezinto Eziphilayo
Izinguquko zemvelo, okuhlanganisa nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nokubhujiswa kwendawo yokuhlala, zibangela ukwehla kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane nezitshalo zisengozini yokuqothulwa ngenxa yokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa, amaphethini esimo sezulu, kanye nokulahlekelwa yindawo yokuhlala yemvelo. Ngokusho kombiko we-WWF, inani lezilwane zasendle emhlabeni wonke lehle cishe ngo-68% kusukela ngo-1970.
8. Ukugawulwa Kwamahlathi Nokuwohloka Kwamahlathi
Amahlathi adlala indima ebalulekile ekumunceni i-CO2 nokugcina ibhalansi yesimo sezulu. Kodwa-ke, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kanye nokuwohloka kwamahlathi kwenzeka ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba, ikakhulukazi emahlathini emvula asezindaweni ezishisayo njenge-Amazon. Njalo ngonyaka, izigidi zamahektha ehlathi ziyalahleka ngenxa yokugawulwa kwemithi okungekho emthethweni, ukuguqulwa komhlaba wezolimo, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda. Lokhu kulahlekelwa kwamahlathi akugcini nje ngokufaka isandla ekukhishweni kwamagesi okushisa umhlaba kodwa futhi kusongela ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo nezinhlobo zemiphakathi yendawo.
9. Ukungcoliswa Komoya kanye Nempilo Yomuntu
Ukungcoliswa komoya kuyinkinga enkulu yemvelo ethinta impilo yabantu. Ukukhishwa kwegesi okuvela ezimotweni, ezimbonini, kanye nokushiswa kwamafutha angcolile kukhiqiza ukungcola okufana nezinto ezincane (PM2.5), i-nitrogen dioxide (NO2), kanye ne-ozone esezingeni lomhlaba. Lokhu kungcola kungabangela izinkinga ezahlukene zempilo, okuhlanganisa izifo zokuphefumula nezenhliziyo, kanye nomdlavuza. Ngokusho kwe-WHO, ukungcola komoya kubangela ukufa kwabantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-7 ngaphambi kwesikhathi minyaka yonke.
10. Ukuphathwa Kwemfucuza Nokungcola Kwepulasitiki
Ukukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa okuphezulu kwepulasitiki kuholele enkingeni enkulu yokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki. Ipulasitiki engaboli iqoqana ngokushesha emvelweni, ingcolise ulwandle, imifula kanye nomhlabathi. Le mfucuza yepulasitiki isongela impilo yasolwandle futhi ingena ochungechungeni lokudla, ekugcineni ibeka impilo yabantu engozini. Ukuphathwa kwemfucuza okunganele nakho kuholela ekungcolisweni komhlabathi namanzi, okuthinta kabi imvelo kanye nempilo yomphakathi.
11. Ukuvikeleka Kokudla kanye Nezolimo
Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuthinta ukuvikeleka kokudla emhlabeni jikelele kanye nezolimo. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, amazinga okushisa akhuphukayo, kanye nezimo zezulu ezimbi kakhulu kuphazamisa ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo, kunciphisa isivuno, futhi kwandisa ingozi yokwehluleka kwezitshalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kuthinta ukusabalala kwezinambuzane nezifo zezitshalo, okwengeza ezinseleleni abalimi ababhekene nazo. Ukuphepha kokudla kuyinkinga ebalulekile, ikakhulukazi emazweni athembele kakhulu kwezolimo.
12. Indima Yamandla Avuselelekayo
Ukuze kuncishiswe imiphumela emibi yokushintsha kwemvelo, ukushintshela emithonjeni yamandla avuselelekayo kubalulekile. Imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo njengamandla elanga, omoya, kanye nogesi wamanzi inikeza ezinye izindlela ezihlanzekile neziqhubekayo esikhundleni samafutha emvelo. Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla avuselelekayo akugcini nje ngokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwamagesi okushisa ukushisa kodwa futhi kusiza ekunciphiseni ukuthembela emithonjeni yemvelo elinganiselwe.
13. Imizamo Yokunciphisa Nokuzivumelanisa Nezimo
Ukuze kuxazululwe izinselele zokushintsha kwemvelo, kokubili imizamo yokunciphisa kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo ibalulekile. Ukunciphisa kuhloswe ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwamagesi okushisa ukushisa kanye nokunciphisa izinga lokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Izinyathelo zokunciphisa zifaka phakathi ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli, ukulondoloza amahlathi, kanye nokwandisa ukusebenza kahle kwamandla. Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kugxile ekuzivumelaniseni nezinguquko zemvelo ezingenakugwenywa. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukwakha ingqalasizinda ekwazi ukumelana nezimo zezulu ezimbi kakhulu, ukuphatha kangcono imithombo yamanzi, kanye nokuthuthukisa ezolimo ezisimeme.
14. Indima Yabantu Ngamunye Nemiphakathi
Ngaphezu kwemizamo kahulumeni neyezimboni, abantu ngabanye kanye nemiphakathi badlala indima ebalulekile ekubhekaneni noshintsho lwezemvelo. Wonke umuntu angafaka isandla ngokunciphisa umthelela wekhabhoni yakhe, ukusekela izinqubomgomo zemvelo, kanye nokukhulisa ulwazi ngezinkinga zemvelo. Isenzo somphakathi esihlangene singaba nomthelela omkhulu emizamweni yokulondolozwa kwemvelo.
Isiphetho
Ushintsho lwezemvelo luyinkinga eyinkimbinkimbi ethinta izici eziningi zokuphila eMhlabeni. Ukunyuka kwamazinga okushisa omhlaba wonke, ukuncibilika kweqhwa, ukunyuka kwamazinga olwandle, kanye nokulahlekelwa yizinto eziphilayo kungenye yemiphumela yalolu shintsho. Ukubhekana nalezi zinselele kudinga imizamo ephelele yokunciphisa kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo, kanye nokubamba iqhaza okusebenzayo kwawo wonke amazinga omphakathi. Ngezinyathelo ezifanele, singanciphisa imiphumela emibi yoshintsho lwezemvelo futhi sakhe ikusasa elizinzile lezizukulwane ezizayo.
