Izici Zemishini Ehambisanayo
Umshini ohambisanayo uwuhlobo lomshini kagesi oshintshashintshayo (AC) osetshenziswa kakhulu ezinhlelweni zamandla zesimanje, kokubili njengejeneretha (i-alternator) kanye nenjini ehambisanayo. Ubizwa ngokuthi "uhambisanayo" ngoba isivinini sawo sokujikeleza kwe-rotor sinobudlelwano obuqinile (uhambisanayo) nemvamisa yomthombo we-AC. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngaphansi kwezimo zokusebenza ezijwayelekile, umshini ohambisanayo usebenza ngesivinini esingaguquki esinqunywa yimvamisa yenethiwekhi kanye nenani lezinsika zomshini. Lesi sici senza imishini ehambisanayo ibaluleke kakhulu ekukhiqizeni amandla kanye nezicelo zezimboni ezidinga ukuzinza kwesivinini kanye nekhono lokulawula isici samandla.
Incazelo kanye nezimiso eziyisisekelo zomsebenzi
Ngokuvamile, umshini ohambisanayo uqukethe izingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko: i-stator kanye ne-rotor. I-stator yingxenye engaguquki equkethe ama-armature coil lapho kukhiqizwa noma kudluliswa khona i-AC voltage. I-rotor yingxenye ejikelezayo ekhiqiza insimu yamagnetic. Insimu yamagnetic ye-rotor ivame ukukhiqizwa yi-direct current (DC) ngohlelo lokuvuselela, yize eminye imiklamo yesimanje ingasebenzisa oma-magnet abaphakade.
Isimiso sokusebenza sisekelwe ekusebenzisaneni kwensimu yamagnetic ye-rotor nensimu yamagnetic ejikelezayo ku-stator. Kujeneretha ehambisanayo, i-rotor, ejikeleziswa yi-turbine (umusi, amanzi, igesi, noma idizili), ikhiqiza insimu yamagnetic enquma ama-stator coil, ikhiqize i-AC voltage. Ku-motor ehambisanayo, insimu yamagnetic ejikelezayo ye-stator "idonsa" i-rotor, ibangele ukuthi ijikeleze ngesivinini esivumelanayo.
Ijubane Elihambisanayo kanye Nobudlelwano Balo Nokuphindaphindeka
Isici esivelele kakhulu somshini ohambisanayo yisivinini esihambisanayo (Ns). Lesi sivinini sincike emvamisa yesistimu (f) kanye nenani lama-pole (P) omshini, akhiwe kanje:
Ama-N = (120 × f) / P
Ngakho-ke, ohlelweni lwe-50 Hz:
– Umshini onezinsika ezi-2: Ns = 3000 rpm
– Umshini onezinsika ezi-4: Ns = 1500 rpm
– Umshini onezinsika ezi-6: Ns = 1000 rpm
Lesi sivinini esihambisanayo sihlala singaguquguquki uma nje imvamisa ingaguquki. Ngokungafani nama-induction motors, adlula kalula, ama-synchronous motors ajikeleza kahle ku-Ns. Lokhu kuyinzuzo ebalulekile ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezidinga ukuzinza kwesivinini.
Isakhiwo se-Rotor kanye nezinhlobo
Izici zomshini ohambisanayo nazo zinqunywa ukwakheka kwe-rotor yawo. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili ezivamile zama-rotor:
1. I-rotor eyisigxobo esibonakalayo
Inezinsika "ezivelele" ngokoqobo. Ivame ukusetshenziswa kumajeneretha anesivinini esiphansi, njengezitshalo zamandla kagesi, ngoba ifanelekela isivinini esiphansi kanye nenani elikhulu lezinsika.
2. I-rotor eyi-cylindrical (i-rotor engabonakali noma eyi-cylindrical)
Isimo sayo sibushelelezi futhi siyisilinda, okwenza ifanelekele isivinini esikhulu sokujikeleza, njengalezo ezitholakala kuma-turbine omusi ezitshalweni zamandla ezisebenzisa amalahle. Le rotor ngokuvamile inama-pole amabili noma amane futhi yenzelwe ukumelana nokucindezeleka okukhulu komshini okuhambisana nokujikeleza okusheshayo.
Uhlelo Lokuvusa Imizwa Nemiphumela Yalo
Imishini ehambisanayo idinga ukuvuselela ukuze ikhiqize insimu kazibuthe ye-rotor (ngaphandle kwezinhlobo zikamazibuthe ezihlala njalo). Lokhu kuvuselela kuyisici esiyinhloko esihlukanisa imishini ehambisanayo kweminye imishini eminingi ye-AC. Ukulungisa ugesi wokuvuselela kuvumela:
- Ukusetha i-voltage ye-terminal ku-generator
- Ukusetha amandla kagesi kunjini
- Ukulawulwa kokugeleza kwamandla okusabela (i-VAR) ezinhlelweni zamandla
Kumajeneretha ahambisanayo, ukwanda kokuvusa kuvame ukwandisa i-voltage ye-terminal (kucatshangelwa umthwalo kanye nokusabela). Kuma-motor ahambisanayo, ukwanda kokuvusa kungabangela ukuthi imoto isebenze nge-power factor ehamba phambili, ewusizo ekunxephezelweni kwamandla asabelayo.
Izici ze-Voltage kanye noMthethonqubo we-Voltage
Kumajeneretha ahambisanayo, esinye sezici ezibalulekile ukulawulwa kwe-voltage, okuwukushintsha kwe-voltage ye-terminal kusuka ezimweni ezingenamthwalo kuya ezimweni ezilayishiwe ngesivinini esithile kanye nokuvuselela. Ukulawulwa kwe-voltage kuthintwa yi:
– Ukusabela okuhambisanayo (Xs)
– Ukumelana ne-Stator coil (Ra)
– Isici samandla omthwalo (esibambezelekayo/esiholayo)
– Umthwalo wamanje omkhulu
Imithwalo yokungenisa (isici samandla esibambekayo) ivame ukwehlisa i-voltage ye-terminal ngenxa yokwehla kwe-voltage kuyo yonke i-reactance. Ngokuphambene nalokho, imithwalo ye-capacitive (eholayo) ingabangela ukuthi i-voltage ye-terminal ikhuphuke.
Izici Zamandla kanye ne-Angle Yomthwalo
Imishini ehambisanayo ibonakala ngobudlelwano phakathi kwamandla adlulisiwe kanye ne-engeli yamandla δ, okuyi-engeli ephakathi kwensimu ye-rotor kanye nensimu ye-stator. Kalula nje, amandla kagesi adlulisiwe alingana ne-sin(δ). Njengoba umthwalo ukhuphuka, i-engeli δ iyanda kuze kube umkhawulo othile. Uma i-δ inkulu kakhulu, umshini ungalahlekelwa yi-synchronism (ukudonsa).
Yingakho ukuzinza kwe-angular kuyindaba eyinhloko ezinhlelweni zamandla, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuphazamiseka kwegridi. Amajeneretha ahambisanayo kumele agcine ukuvumelanisa nesistimu, noma angakhubeka ukuze avikele imishini.
Izici ze-Power Factor kuma-Synchronous Motors
Inzuzo eyingqayizivele yemoto ehambisanayo yikhono layo lokulawula isici samandla ngokushintshashintsha ugesi wokuvuselela. Izimo ezintathu zibalulekile:
1. Ukungajabuli ngokwanele: ugesi ophansi wokuvusa, injini imunca amandla asebenzayo (isici samandla esibambekayo).
2. Ngokuvamile-ejabule: izindlela ze-power factor 1 (ubunye).
3. Ijabule kakhulu: ugesi ophezulu wokuvusa, injini inikeza amandla asebenzayo (isici samandla esiholayo).
Ngenxa yokuthi ingasebenza “njengesinxephezelo”, injini ehambisanayo ejabule kakhulu ngezinye izikhathi isetshenziswa njenge-condenser ehambisanayo, okuyithuluzi lokuthuthukisa amandla kanye nokuzinzisa i-voltage yesistimu.
Indlela Yokuqala (Ukuqala Kokumisa I-Loop)
Esinye isici esisebenzayo senjini ehambisanayo ukuthi ayikwazi ukuziqalisa yona uma inikezwa ngqo amandla e-AC, njengoba i-torque yayo yokuqala ingu-zero ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Ngakho-ke, kudingeka indlela yokuqala, isibonelo:
– Ukusebenzisa injini yokusiza (injini yeponi)
– Ukusebenzisa ama-windings e-amortisseur (ama-windings e-damper) ukuze aqale asebenze njengenjini yokungenisa, bese “ekhiywa” ngokuvumelanayo lapho esondela ku-Ns
– Ukusebenzisa i-elekthronikhi yokushayela/i-inverter (yezinhlelo zokusebenza zesimanje)
Indlela yokuqala ithinta ubunzima besistimu, izindleko, kanye nokuthembeka kokusebenza.
Ukusebenza kahle kanye nokusetshenziswa
Ama-motor ahambisanayo ngokuvamile asebenza kahle kakhulu, ikakhulukazi uma esezingeni eliphezulu. Ama-generator ahambisanayo angumgogodla wokukhiqizwa kwamandla, akwazi ukukhiqiza amandla amaningi ngokulawula i-voltage enembile. Embonini, ama-motor ahambisanayo asetshenziswa ku:
- I-compressor enkulu
– Iphampu enamandla aphezulu kanye ne-blower
– Izimboni zikasimende kanye nezezimayini
- Izicelo ezidinga isinxephezelo sejubane eliqhubekayo kanye nesici samandla
Isiphetho
Izici zomshini ohambisanayo zihlanganisa isivinini esingaguquki ngokuya ngemvamisa, izidingo zokuvuselela i-DC, amakhono okulawula amandla, kanye nokuzinza kokuvumelanisa, okubalulekile ezinhlelweni zamandla. Kujeneretha ohambisanayo, ukulawulwa kokuvuselela kuhlobene eduze nokulawulwa kwamandla kagesi kanye nokugeleza kwamandla okusabela. Kumoto ohambisanayo, ikhono lokusebenza ku-power factor ehamba phambili alenzi nje kuphela umshayeli womthwalo wemishini kodwa futhi ithuluzi lokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yamandla. Ngokusebenza kahle kwayo okuphezulu kanye nendima ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni amandla kanye nasembonini, imishini ehambisanayo ihlala iyisici esibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe bamandla kagesi.
Uma uthanda, ngingangeza umdwebo womqondo/isigaba sesithombe, isibonelo sokubalwa kwesivinini esivumelanayo, noma ngenze inguqulo yobuchwepheshe kakhulu yesihloko (ngezilinganiso zesekethe ezilinganayo kanye nama-V-curve ama-motor ahambisanayo).
