Ithiyori Yokuthuthukiswa Kwe-Neoclassical Ngokuphathelene Nokuhwebelana Komhlaba Wonke
Ithiyori yokuthuthukiswa kwe-Neoclassical ingenye yezinhlaka ezivelele kwezomnotho wentuthuko, igcizelela indima yezindlela zemakethe, ukwabiwa kwezinsiza kusebenza kahle, kanye nezikhuthazo zomuntu ngamunye ekuqhubekiseni ukukhula komnotho. Emongweni womhlaba wonke—okungukuthi, ukuhlanganiswa okwandayo komnotho womhlaba ngokuhweba, ukutshalwa kwezimali, ukugeleza kwemali, ukufuduka kwabasebenzi, kanye nokusabalala kobuchwepheshe—le thiyori ivame ukusetshenziswa njengesisekelo sokwakha izinqubomgomo zentuthuko, ikakhulukazi lezo eziqondiswe ekukhululweni kwemakethe kanye nokuvuleleka komnotho. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlanganiswa komhlaba wonke kuveza nezindlela ezintsha ezidinga ukuhlolwa okubucayi kwemibono ye-neoclassical, ikakhulukazi leyo ehlobene nokungalingani, izinto zangaphandle zemvelo, kanye nokungapheleli kwemakethe.
Izimpande Zomcabango kanye Nemibono Eyisisekelo Yethiyori Ye-Neoclassical
Esikweni le-neoclassical, intuthuko yezomnotho iqondwa ngokuyinhloko njengenqubo yokwandisa umkhiqizo ngomuntu ngamunye ngokuqongelela izici zokukhiqiza (imali, abasebenzi) kanye nokuzuza kokukhiqiza (ubuchwepheshe). Abantu babhekwa njengabantu abanengqondo futhi abenza izinto ukuze bandise ukusetshenziswa, kuyilapho izinkampani zikhulisa inzuzo. Izimakethe, uma zivunyelwe ukusebenza ngokuphazamiseka okuncane, kucatshangwa ukuthi zabela izinsiza ngendlela efanele.
Esinye isiphetho esibalulekile ukuthambekela kokulingana. Lapho kuvela ukuphazamiseka—isibonelo, amanani angabonisi ukushoda, izibonelelo eziqondiswe kabi, noma ukuvikelwa ngokweqile—ukwabiwa kwezinsiza kuba okungasebenzi kahle futhi ukukhula kuyahamba kancane. Ngakho-ke, imithetho yenqubomgomo evame ukuhlotshaniswa nendlela ye-neoclassical ifaka phakathi ukuqedwa kwemithetho, ukwenziwa kobunini, ukuzinza komnotho omkhulu, ukuqinisa amalungelo empahla, kanye nokuhweba okukhululekile.
Ekuthuthukisweni, ithiyori ye-neoclassical iphinde igcizelele ukubaluleka kokonga kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali. Amamodeli okukhula afana nemodeli ye-Solow-Swan, isibonelo, abheka ukukhula kwesikhathi eside njengoba kunqunywa yintuthuko yezobuchwepheshe (evame ukubhekwa njengengaphandle) kanye nokukhula kwabantu, kuyilapho ukuqoqwa kwemali kuthonya kakhulu ukukhula kwesikhathi esimaphakathi. Ezinguqulweni zanamuhla—njengethiyori yokukhula kwemvelo—ubuchwepheshe kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha “kungadalwa” ngokutshalwa kwezimali emfundweni, ocwaningweni, kanye nasezimalini zabantu, okuvumela inqubomgomo yomphakathi ukuthi ithonye amazinga okukhula.
Ukuhwebelana Komhlaba Wonke Njengesikhala Sokuhlola Ithiyori Ye-Neoclassical
Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kuhlinzeka ngeplatifomu enamandla yokuhlola izibikezelo ezibalulekile ze-neoclassical: ukuthi ukuvuleka komnotho kwandisa ukusebenza kahle, kwandisa izimakethe, kukhuthaza ubuchwepheshe ngokusekelwe enzuzweni yokuqhathanisa, futhi ekugcineni kusheshise ukukhula. Ezweni elixhumene, amazwe angathumela izimpahla azikhiqizayo ngaphandle ngendlela ephumelela kakhulu, angenise izimpahla ezibizayo ukuzikhiqiza ngaphakathi ezweni, futhi ahehe utshalomali oluqondile lwangaphandle (i-FDI) oluletha imali kanye nobuchwepheshe.
Ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe-neoclassical, ukuhweba ngamazwe kwenza amazwe asathuthuka akwazi ukwandisa izinga lawo lokukhiqiza, athole ukufinyelela emishinini kanye nezinto ezisetshenziswayo ezishibhile, futhi athole ulwazi lokuphatha kumanethiwekhi omhlaba wonke. Ukugeleza kwemali kwamanye amazwe kubonakala futhi njengokusiza amazwe aswele imali yokonga yasekhaya yokutshalwa kwezimali okuphumelelayo. Okwamanje, ukuhamba kwabasebenzi—nakuba kuvame ukuvinjelwa kwezepolitiki—kubonakala njengokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle komhlaba wonke uma abasebenzi bengathuthela ezindaweni ezinomkhiqizo ophansi kakhulu.
Uma konke lokhu kuhamba kahle, ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kuzoqhuba ukuhlangana kwemali engenayo: amazwe ampofu akhula ngokushesha ngoba angasebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obukhona futhi asebenzise imali yomhlaba wonke. Kumodeli ye-neoclassical, izinga lembuyiselo yemali kufanele libe phezulu emazweni ampofu ngoba imali ayitholakali kalula, ngakho-ke ukutshalwa kwezimali kuzogeleza lapho futhi kusheshise ukukhula.
Inqubomgomo Yentuthuko: Ukukhululeka kanye Nokuguqulwa Kwemakethe
Empeleni, izinqubomgomo eziningi zentuthuko zithonywe yindlela yesimanje, ikakhulukazi kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20. Amazwe akhuthazwa ukuba azinzise ukwehla kwamandla emali, athuthukise impilo yezezimali, anciphise ukuphazamiseka kwentengo, avulekele ukuhweba, futhi adale isimo sokutshalwa kwezimali esivumayo. Emongweni womhlaba wonke, lezi zinqubomgomo zivame ukuhumusha ekwehlisweni kwentela, ukususwa kwesabelo, ukususwa kwemithetho emkhakheni wezezimali, kanye nokuvikelwa kokutshalwa kwezimali okuqinisekisiwe.
Umgomo oyinhloko ukunciphisa izindleko zokuthengiselana nokwandisa ukuzethemba kwabalingisi bezomnotho, ngaleyo ndlela kwandiswe ukutshalwa kwezimali nokudlulisela izinsiza emikhakheni ekhiqiza kakhulu. Ithiyori ye-Neoclassical iphinde igcizelele ukubaluleka kwezikhungo zemakethe—amalungelo omhlaba acacile, ukuqiniseka kwezomthetho, kanye ne-bureaucracy esebenza kahle—njengoba kunciphisa ukungaqiniseki futhi kukhuthaza ukusungula izinto ezintsha.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, intuthuko ye-neoclassical ivame ukubeka intuthuko yabasebenzi njengento ebalulekile. Imfundo ibhekwa njengokwandisa umkhiqizo wabasebenzi kanye nekhono lokumunca ubuchwepheshe bomhlaba wonke. Ngakho-ke, ukuhwebelana komhlaba wonke akugcini nje ngokuvula imingcele yezohwebo, kodwa futhi nangokwandisa amandla asekhaya okuncintisana emakethe yamazwe ngamazwe.
Ukugxekwa kanye nezinselele: Ukungalingani, Ukuguquguquka, kanye nokungapheleli kwemakethe
Nakuba izibikezelo eziningi ze-neoclassical ziye zafakazelwa ukuthi ziyiqiniso ezimweni eziningi, ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kuye kwaveza nobuthakathaka ekucabangeni okuyisisekelo kwale mbono. Okokuqala, izimakethe azincintisani kahle ngaso sonke isikhathi. Imikhakha eminingi yomhlaba wonke ibuswa izinkampani ezinkulu zamazwe ngamazwe ezisebenzisa amandla emakethe, zithonya amanani, futhi zibeka amazinga okukhiqiza. Ezimweni ezinjalo, amazwe asathuthuka angabanjiswa njengabaphakeli bezinto zokusetshenziswa noma imikhiqizo yobuchwepheshe obuphansi enenani elincane elengeziwe.
Okwesibili, ukugeleza kwemali yamazwe ngamazwe akuhlali kuzinzile. Ukukhululeka kwezezimali kungandisa ubungozi bezinkinga, njengoba imali yephothifoliyo ingangena futhi iphume ngokushesha kulandela imizwa yomhlaba wonke. Ukuguquguquka kwamazinga okushintshaniswa kwemali kanye nokugeleza kwemali kungaphazamisa umkhakha wangempela, kuthinte izimboni zasekhaya, futhi kuphoqe ukuqiniswa kwenqubomgomo ngemiphumela yomphakathi. Umbono we-neoclassical uvame ukucabanga ukuthi izimakethe zezimali ziyakwazi ukuhlola ubungozi ngokunengqondo, kanti empeleni, zigcwele ukungalingani kolwazi, ukuziphatha okuqagelayo, kanye nemiphumela yokuthelelana.
Okwesithathu, ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kungandisa ukungalingani. Ngenkathi ukukhula kukhuphuka, izinzuzo azihlali zisatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo. Emazweni amaningi, amaqembu afundile namabhizinisi axhumene nezimakethe zomhlaba wonke azuza kakhulu kunabasebenzi abahola kancane. Ithiyori ye-Neoclassical ivame ukugcizelela ukusebenza kahle okuhlanganisiwe, kodwa ivame ukunganaki ngokwanele ukwabiwa kwemali engenayo, amandla okuxoxisana kwabasebenzi, kanye nezakhiwo zezenhlalo nezepolitiki ezithonya ukuthi ubani ophumelelayo nokuthi ubani olahlekelwayo.
Okwesine, izinto zangaphandle zemvelo ziyinkinga enkulu. Ukwanda komkhiqizo kanye nokuhweba emhlabeni wonke kungadala ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwezinsiza zemvelo, ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni, kanye nomonakalo wezinto eziphilayo. Ngenxa yokuthi izimakethe zivame ukwehluleka ukulinganisa izindleko zemvelo ngendlela efanele, izindlela zemakethe ezihlanzekile zingaholela ekukhuleni okungazinzile. Yilapho indlela ye-neoclassical idinga ukuhambisana nezinqubomgomo zokulungisa ezifana nezintela zekhabhoni, imithethonqubo yezemvelo, noma izinhlelo zokuhweba ngokukhishwa kwekhabhoni.
Ukubaluleka Kwethiyori Yama-Neoclassical Esikhathini Sokubambisana Kwedijithali
Ukuhwebelana komhlaba kwanamuhla kuphawulwa nawumnotho wedijithali: ukugeleza kwedatha ngaphesheya kwemingcele, amapulatifomu omhlaba wonke, ukuzenzekela, kanye nobuhlakani bokwenziwa. Emnothweni wedijithali, isenzakalo "sokuwina-sithatha kakhulu" sivele ngenxa yemiphumela yenethiwekhi. Lokhu kuphonsela inselelo ukucabanga kokuncintisana okuphelele okusekela inkolelo-mbono ye-neoclassical. Inqubomgomo yokuncintisana (ukungathembeki), ukuvikelwa kwedatha, kanye nokulawulwa kwepulatifomu yizici ezintsha ezingabhekwa ngaso sonke isikhathi ekwakhiweni kwe-neoclassical yakudala.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhwebelana kwedijithali nakho kusheshisa ukusabalala kobuchwepheshe futhi kuvula amathuba emazweni asathuthuka okugxumela ezigabeni ezithile zentuthuko, isibonelo ngezinsizakalo zezimali zedijithali noma ukuhweba nge-inthanethi. Kusukela embonweni wesimanje we-neoclassical, la mathuba angakhuliswa ngokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yezikhungo, ulwazi lwedijithali, ingqalasizinda, kanye nezisebenzi.
Isiphetho
Ithiyori yokuthuthukiswa kwe-Neoclassical inikeza incazelo enamandla yokuthi ukukhula kungaqhutshwa kanjani ngokusebenza kahle kwemakethe, ukuvuleleka komnotho, kanye nokwanda kokukhiqiza. Ngokwesimo somhlaba wonke, lolu hlaka lusekela izinqubomgomo ezahlukahlukene zokukhululeka kwezohwebo, izinguquko zemakethe, kanye nokuqinisa izikhungo zomnotho. Kodwa-ke, amaqiniso omhlaba wonke abonisa ukuthi izimakethe azihlali zisebenza kahle: ukungalingani, ukuguquguquka kwezezimali, amandla okulawula imvelo, kanye nezinto zangaphandle zemvelo kungavimbela intuthuko ehlanganisayo neqhubekayo.
Ngakho-ke, ukubaluleka kwemfundiso ye-neoclassical enkathini yokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke akusikho ekusetshenzisweni okuqinile "kwemakethe ekhululekile," kodwa kunalokho kusekusetshenzisweni kwezimiso zokusebenza kahle kanye nezikhuthazo zemakethe, ezihambisana nezinqubomgomo zomphakathi ezihlakaniphile: ukuvikelwa komphakathi, ukulawulwa kwezezimali okuhlakaniphile, inqubomgomo yezimboni ekhethiwe, ukutshalwa kwezimali kwezemfundo, kanye nokuphathwa kwemvelo. Ngendlela elinganiselayo, ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kungaba umthombo wamathuba emazweni asathuthuka okusheshisa intuthuko, hhayi nje inkundla yokuncintisana ejulisa ukungalingani.
