Ithiyori Yezomnotho Yezikhungo: Ukuqonda Indima Yezikhungo Emnothweni
Ithiyori Yezomnotho Yezikhungo iyigatsha lezomnotho eligcizelela ukubaluleka kwezikhungo—ezisemthethweni nezingekho emthethweni—ekunqumeni ukusebenza komnotho. Izikhungo zingathatha isimo semithetho, izindinganiso, amasiko, kanye nezinhlelo zomthetho ezilawula ukusebenzisana phakathi kwabantu ngabanye namaqembu emphakathini. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola izimpande zomlando, imiqondo eyinhloko, kanye nokusetshenziswa okusebenzayo kwethiyori Yezomnotho Yezikhungo ekuqondeni umnotho.
Umlando kanye Nokuthuthukiswa Kwethiyori Yezomnotho Yezikhungo
Ithiyori Yezomnotho Yezikhungo yaqala ukuvela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 njengempendulo yemikhawulo yethiyori Yezomnotho Yesimanje Neyesimanje, eyayivame ukunganaki indima yezikhungo ekuhlaziyweni kwezomnotho. Abasunguli bale thiyori, njengoThorstein Veblen, uWesley Mitchell, noJohn R. Commons, bagcizelela ukuthi ukuziphatha kwezomnotho akunakuqondwa ngokugcwele ngaphandle kokucabangela izikhungo ezikuyisisekelo.
Isibonelo, uThorstein Veblen udume ngomqondo wakhe "wokuzizwa njengomsebenzi" kanye nokugxeka kwakhe "ukulingisa ngokwezimali," okugqamisa ukuthi ukuziphatha kwezomnotho kuvame ukuthonywa izici zomphakathi nezamasiko ngaphezu kwezisusa zezinto ezibonakalayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uWesley Mitchell wagxila ekutadisheni izimo zebhizinisi kanye nokulinganiswa kwedatha yezomnotho, okwasiza ekusunguleni isisekelo sobufakazi senkolelo-mbono yezikhungo. UJohn R. Commons wagcizelela ukubaluleka kokubusa komthetho kanye nendima kahulumeni ekulawuleni umnotho.
Intuthuko eyalandela yaholela ekuveleni kwalokho okwaziwa ngokuthi “i-New Institutional Economics” (NIE) engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-20, lapho abantu abanjengoDouglass North, u-Oliver Williamson, noRonald Coase bezama ukuhlanganisa izici zokuhlaziywa kwezomnotho ezincane kanye nombono wezikhungo. I-NIE igcizelele ukubaluleka kwezindleko zokuthengiselana, amalungelo empahla, kanye nezinkontileka ekuqondeni ukuthi izikhungo zithonya kanjani ukusebenza komnotho.
Imiqondo Eyinhloko Ku-Institutional Economic Theory
1. Izikhungo Nezinhlangano
Ku-Institutional Economic Theory, izikhungo zivame ukuhlukaniswa nezinhlangano. Izikhungo ziyimithetho yomphakathi eyakha ukuziphatha kwabantu ngabanye namaqembu. Lokhu kungaba imithetho, imithethonqubo, izindinganiso zomphakathi, noma imihlangano yamasiko. Izinhlangano, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ziyizinhlangano ezithile ezisebenza ngaphakathi kwalezi zinhlaka zezikhungo, njengezinkampani, ohulumeni, noma ama-NGO.
2. Imali Yokuthengiselana
Omunye wemiqondo ebalulekile ku-NIE yizindleko zokuthengiselana, ezethulwe nguRonald Coase. Izindleko zokuthengiselana yizindleko ezitholakala enkambisweni yokushintshisana ngezimpahla noma izinsizakalo, njengezindleko zokufuna ulwazi, ukuxoxisana ngezinkontileka, kanye nokuphoqelela izivumelwano. Ithiyori kaCoase ibonise ukuthi ukusebenza kahle kwezomnotho akunqunywa nje kuphela ngentengo nobuningi kodwa futhi nangendlela izindleko zokuthengiselana eziphansi ngayo ngaphakathi kohlelo lwezomnotho.
3. Amalungelo Obunikazi
UDouglass North ugcizelele ukubaluleka kwamalungelo empahla ekuqhubekiseleni phambili intuthuko yezomnotho. Amalungelo empahla acacile futhi asebenzayo adala izikhuthazo kubantu ngabanye kanye nezinhlangano zokutshala imali kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha, njengoba beqiniseka ukuthi izinzuzo zalokho kutshalwa kwezimali zizoba ezabo. Ngaphandle kwamalungelo empahla aqinile, umnotho uvame ukuma ngoba abantu abaningi bayanqikaza ukulahla imali yabo abayisebenzele kanzima.
4. Izinkontileka Nokuphathwa
U-Oliver Williamson ugcizelela ukubaluleka kwezinkontileka nezakhiwo zokuphatha kwezomnotho. Izakhiwo zezinkontileka ezisebenzayo zivumela ukwabiwa okungcono kwezinsiza ngokunciphisa ukungaqiniseki kanye nengozi yokuziphatha okuvulelekile—izenzo zabantu noma amaqembu afuna ukuthola inzuzo ngokulimaza abanye. Ukubusa okuhle ezinkampanini nakohulumeni kuyisihluthulelo sokudala indawo yezomnotho ezinzile nekhiqizayo.
5. Ukuthembela Endleleni
Ukuncika endleleni kuwumqondo ogcizelela ukuthi izinqumo zamanje zomnotho zivame ukuthonywa umlando wezikhungo zangaphambilini. Ngamanye amazwi, intuthuko yesikhungo ingakhawulela izinketho ezitholakalayo esikhathini esizayo. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kungani ushintsho lwesikhungo luvame ukuba nzima futhi ludla isikhathi, njengoba kumele lulwe nethonya lezindlela zentuthuko ezikhona.
Ukusetshenziswa Okusebenzayo Kwethiyori Yezomnotho Yezikhungo
1. Ukuguqulwa Kwezolimo
Ukuguqulwa kwezolimo kungaba yisibonelo esiqinile sokusetshenziswa kwe-Institutional Economic Theory. Ukwabiwa kabusha komhlaba kubalimi abancane ngokunikeza amalungelo obunikazi acacile kungandisa umkhiqizo wezolimo. Uma abalimi benamalungelo obunikazi avikelekile, banamathuba amaningi okutshala imali ekuthuthukisweni kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nemikhuba yezolimo esebenza kahle, okungakhulisa isivuno futhi kuthuthukise inhlalakahle.
2. Inqubomgomo Yokuhweba Yamazwe Ngamazwe
Izikhungo nazo zidlala indima ebalulekile enqubomgomo yokuhweba yamazwe ngamazwe. Isibonelo, ukuba khona kwezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe njenge-World Trade Organisation (WTO) kusiza ekudaleni imithetho nezindinganiso ezinciphisa izindleko zokuthengiselana kanye nokungaqiniseki ekuhwebeni kwamazwe ngamazwe. Lezi zimiso nemithethonqubo zenza amazwe akwazi ukusebenzisana ohlelweni oluzinzile nolubikezelwayo, olukhuthaza ukugeleza kokuhweba nokutshalwa kwezimali kwamanye amazwe.
3. Ukuhlinzekwa Kwezinsizakalo Zomphakathi
Ithiyori Yezomnotho Yezikhungo ingasetshenziswa nasekuhlaziyweni kokuhlinzekwa kwezinsizakalo zomphakathi, njengemfundo, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, kanye nengqalasizinda. Izikhungo ezisemthethweni, njengemithetho nemigomo, kanye nezikhungo ezingakahleleki, njengezimiso zomphakathi kanye nezindinganiso zamasiko, zingathonya ukusebenza kahle kanye nokusebenza kahle kwalokhu kulethwa kwezinsizakalo zomphakathi. Isibonelo, ukusatshalaliswa kukahulumeni, okuqinisa izikhungo zasendaweni, kungandisa ukuzibophezela kanye nokuphendula ekuhlinzekweni kwezinsizakalo zomphakathi.
4. Intuthuko Yezomnotho Yesifunda
Ithiyori Yezomnotho Yezikhungo nayo ibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni komnotho wesifunda. Izikhungo zasendaweni eziqinile nezivumelana nezimo zingaba yisihluthulelo sokuheha utshalomali nokudala indawo efanelekile yokukhula komnotho. Isibonelo sesikhungo sendawo esiphumelelayo yiqembu lezimboni elenza ngcono ukubambisana phakathi kwezinkampani, uhulumeni, kanye nezikhungo zemfundo ukuze kukhuthazwe ukusungula izinto ezintsha futhi kwandiswe umkhiqizo.
Ukugxekwa Kwethiyori Yezomnotho Yezikhungo
Naphezu kwezinzuzo zayo eziqashelwa kabanzi, i-Institutional Economic Theory ayiyona engenabagxeki bayo. Okunye ukugxekwa okukhulu ukuthi kuvame ukuba nzima ukuyihlola ngokwesayensi ngenxa yobunzima bezikhungo kanye nokusebenzisana kwazo okubanzi. Abanye abagxeki baveza nokuthi le mbono ivame ukuba yinto evamile futhi ayinazo izibikezelo ezicacile mayelana nemiphumela yezomnotho.
Kodwa-ke, naphezu kwalokhu kugxekwa, i-Institutional Economic Theory isalokhu ingenye yezinhlaka eziqine kakhulu nezinethonya kakhulu kwezomnotho, iletha umbono ocebile nophelele wokuqonda ukuguquguquka kwezomnotho.
Isiphetho
Ithiyori Yezomnotho Yezikhungo inikeza ukuqonda okujulile kokuthi izikhungo—zombili ezisemthethweni njengemithetho nemigomo, kanye nezingekho emthethweni njengezimiso zomphakathi nezamasiko—zibumba kanjani ukuziphatha kwezomnotho futhi zithonye ukusebenza kohlelo lwezomnotho lulonke. Ngokubuka umnotho ngeso lesikhungo, singathola ukuqonda okubanzi kakhulu kwezinguquko ezakha umhlaba wethu wezomnotho, kusukela esikalini sendawo kuya emhlabeni wonke.
