Isakhiwo Semakethe Esizimele Sodwa
Isakhiwo semakethe esinobunye singenye yezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zesakhiwo semakethe ezitholakala kwezomnotho zansuku zonke. Le makethe iphakathi kwezindlela ezimbili eziqine kakhulu: ukuncintisana okuphelele kanye nobunye. Ibizwa ngokuthi "ubunye" hhayi ngoba kunomthengisi oyedwa kuphela, njengasesinobunye, kodwa ngoba ibhizinisi ngalinye linamandla "obunye obuncane" phezu komkhiqizo walo. La mandla avela ekuhlukaniseni umkhiqizo, igama lomkhiqizo, ikhwalithi, isevisi, indawo, ngisho nesithombe, okuhlukanisa izimpahla noma izinsizakalo zenkampani eyodwa kwezabancintisana nayo. Ngenxa yalokho, izinkampani zingabeka amanani ngaphakathi kwemingcele ethile ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ngokushesha yibo bonke amakhasimende, naphezu kwengcindezi yokuncintisana eqhubekayo yabanye abathengisi abaningi.
Ukuqonda Izimakethe Ezizimele
Kalula nje, imakethe eyodwa iyisakhiwo semakethe esinabathengisi abaningi nabathengi abaningi, lapho imikhiqizo ethengiswayo ingafani (ihlukile) kodwa isathatha indawo yomunye nomunye. Kule makethe, inkampani ngayinye inikeza umkhiqizo osebenza ngendlela efanayo kodwa onezici ezihlukile. Isibonelo, izitolo zekhofi: zonke zithengisa ikhofi, kodwa ngayinye inokunambitheka kwayo okuhlukile, isimo esihlukile, amasu okukhangisa ahlukene, kanye nokwahlukaniswa kwamakhasimende okuhlukile.
Ngenxa yalokhu kwehluka, ijika lesidingo elibhekene nenkampani ngayinye livame ukwehla. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inkampani ingakhuphula amanani ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yiwo wonke amakhasimende, kodwa ukwenyuka kwentengo kusesengozini yokunciphisa isidingo ngoba abathengi bangase bashintshele emikhiqizweni yabancintisana nabo.
Izici Eziyinhloko Zezimakethe Ezizimele
Kunezici eziningana ezibalulekile ezihlukanisa izimakethe ezizimele kwezinye izakhiwo:
1. Abathengisi abaningi
Emakethe ephethwe yizinkampani eziningi, izinkampani eziningi ziyasebenza. Ayikho inkampani eyodwa ephethe ngokuphelele imakethe yonke. Kodwa-ke, inkampani ngayinye inemakethe yayo "encane" ethembekile kumkhiqizo noma kumkhiqizo wayo.
2. Ukwehlukaniswa komkhiqizo
Imikhiqizo ayifani. Ukwehluka kungathatha isimo sekhwalithi, ukwakheka, izici, ukupakisha, uphawu, ngisho nokusungula isevisi. Lokhu kwehluka kuwumthombo wamandla emakethe ezinkampanini.
3. Inkululeko yokungena nokuphuma emakethe ilula kakhulu
Ekugcineni, izinkampani ezintsha zingangena uma zibona amathuba enzuzo, kanti izinkampani ezikhona zingaphuma uma zithola ukulahlekelwa. Kodwa-ke, kusenezithiyo ezithile, njengezidingo zemali, izimvume zebhizinisi, noma amandla omkhiqizo wabasebenzi abakhona.
4. Ukuncintisana okungenantengo kunamandla impela
Ngenxa yokuthi imikhiqizo ihlukile, ukuncintisana akukhona nje ngentengo. Izinkampani zilwela ukuwina ngokukhangisa, ukukhushulwa, isevisi yamakhasimende, izindawo ezihlelekile, izinhlelo zokwethembeka, njalo njalo.
5. Amandla entengo alinganiselwe
Izinkampani zingabeka amanani, kodwa hhayi ngokukhululeka njengomuntu oyedwa. Uma amanani ephezulu kakhulu noma ikhwalithi inganele, abathengi bazoshintshela kubancintisani.
Izibonelo Zangempela Zezimakethe Ezizimele
Izimakethe ezizimele zingatholakala emikhakheni ehlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa:
– Imboni yokudla neziphuzo: izindawo zokudlela, izitolo zokudla, izitolo zekhofi, amabhikawozi.
– Imfashini nezingubo: izinhlobo eziningi zemikhiqizo ezinezitayela ezahlukene kanye nokuhlukaniswa.
– Imikhiqizo yobuhle: ukunakekelwa kwesikhumba kanye nezimonyo kuvelele kakhulu ekuhlukaniseni uphawu, amafomula, kanye nezimangalo zezinzuzo.
– Izinsizakalo: i-salon, indawo yokugunda izinwele, izifundo, isitudiyo sezithombe, kanye nezinsizakalo zokuhlanza izingubo.
– Imikhiqizo ethile yasekhaya: isibonelo, izinhlobo ezahlukene zamanzi okuphuza, ukudla okulula, noma izinongo zokupheka ezinezimpawu zazo.
Ukufana ekusebenzeni kwenza imikhiqizo incintisane, kodwa umehluko kokuhlangenwe nakho noma isithombe kusho ukuthi abathengi abakhethi njalo inketho eshibhile.
Indlela Yokunquma Amanani Nomphumela
Emakethe ephethwe yibo bodwa, inkampani ibhekene nesidingo esinciphayo. Ukuze kwandiswe inzuzo, inkampani izokhetha izinga lokukhipha lapho imali engenayo engaphansi (MR) = izindleko ezingaphansi (MC). Uma umkhiqizo ongcono kakhulu usunqunyiwe, intengo izobekwa ngokwesikhathi sokufunwa kulelo zinga lokukhipha.
Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthi kunezimbangi eziningi kanye nemikhiqizo ethatha indawo yayo, ukuguquguquka kwesidingo kuvame ukuba kukhulu kune-under monopoly. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abathengi bazwela kakhulu ekushintsheni kwentengo. Lapho inkampani iphakamisa amanani, abanye abathengi bazoshintshela kweminye imikhiqizo efanayo.
Isikhathi Esifushane: Inzuzo Noma Ukulahlekelwa Okungenzeka
Esikhathini esifushane, inkampani emakethe ephethe i-monopolistic ingathola:
– Inzuzo yezomnotho (inzuzo engavamile) uma ukwehluka komkhiqizo kuphumelela ekudonseleni isidingo esikhulu kanye nezindleko zingancishiswa.
– Ukulinganisa (inzuzo evamile) uma imali engenayo yanele ukumboza zonke izindleko.
– Ukulahlekelwa uma isidingo siphansi noma izindleko ziphezulu kakhulu.
Lesi simo kungenzeka kakhulu ngoba isu lebhizinisi lenkampani ngayinye, idumela lomkhiqizo, ukuhluka komkhiqizo, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezindleko kuhlukile.
Isikhathi Eside: Inzuzo Yezomnotho Ivame Ukunyamalala
Isici esibalulekile semakethe ephethe wonke umuntu ukungena nokuphuma mahhala. Uma inkampani ithola inzuzo ephezulu ngesikhathi esifushane, izoheha abantu abasha abangenayo. Ukungena kwabantu abasha kuzokhulisa ukuhlukahluka komkhiqizo futhi kuqinise ukuncintisana, ngakho-ke isidingo senkampani ngayinye sivame ukwehla. Ekugcineni, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, inzuzo yezomnotho ivame ukwehla iye ku-zero (inzuzo evamile).
Naphezu kokulahlekelwa yinzuzo yezomnotho, izinkampani ziyasinda ngoba zisengakwazi ukukhokhela izindleko zazo (kufaka phakathi amaholo abanikazi, izindleko zebhizinisi, njll.). Yingakho izimboni eziningi ezizimele zibonakala zimatasa futhi zincintisana, kodwa akubona bonke abadlali bazo abacebile ngempela; inzuzo eyengeziwe ivame ukubhujiswa yizindleko zokuncintisana nezokumaketha.
Ukusebenza Kahle kanye Nomphumela Wakho Kubathengi
Ngokombono wokusebenza kahle, izimakethe ezizimele zinezinzuzo kanye nokungalungi:
1. Izinzuzo: ukuhlukahluka okuphezulu kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha
Ukwehlukahlukana kuqhuba izinkampani ukuthi zisungule izinto ezintsha: ukunambitheka okusha, ukupakisha okusha, imiqondo emisha yesevisi, noma okuhlangenwe nakho okungcono kwamakhasimende. Abathengi bayazuza ngokuba nezinketho eziningi.
2. Okubi: akusebenzi kahle ngokwezimali nangokukhiqizayo
Ngokwenkolelo-mbono yezomnotho, ukusebenza kahle kokwaba kwenzeka lapho intengo ilingana nezindleko ezingaphansi (P = MC). Emakethe ephethwe yibo bodwa, ngoba izinkampani zinamandla okubeka amanani, i-P > MC ngokuvamile injalo, okuholela ekungasebenzi kahle kokwaba.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkampani zivame ukusebenza ngamanani angaphansi kwezindleko ezijwayelekile (hhayi ngezinga lazo elisebenza kahle kakhulu) ngoba isidingo sisabalala kubakhiqizi abaningi. Lokhu kudala amandla amaningi.
3. Izindleko zokukhangisa nezokukhangisa
Ukuncintisana okungenantengo kubangela izinkampani ukuthi zichithe imali eningi ekukhangiseni. Okunye ukukhangisa kuyafundisa futhi kusiza abathengi ukuthi bafunde ngemikhiqizo, kodwa okunye kuyakholisa, kwandisa izindleko ngaphandle kokwengeza izinzuzo ezibonakalayo.
Isu Lenkampani Emakethe Ehamba Yodwa
Ukuze zisinde, izinkampani zivame ukusebenzisa amasu alandelayo:
– Ukwakha uphawu oluqinile ukuze kudalwe ukwethembeka kwabathengi.
- Ukusungula imikhiqizo njalo ukuze uhlale ubalulekile.
– Ikhwalithi yesevisi ethuthukisiwe njengesivinini, ubungane, isiqinisekiso, noma uku-oda okulula.
- Ukuhlukaniswa kwemakethe okucacile, isibonelo okuqondiswe kubathengi be-premium, imindeni, noma intsha.
- Ukuqinisa ukusatshalaliswa nendawo ukuze kube lula ukufinyelela.
Leli qhinga libonisa ukuthi ezimakethe ezizimele, inzuzo yokuncintisana ivame ukuba senani elengeziwe elibonwa ngabathengi, hhayi entengo kuphela.
Indima Kahulumeni Nomthethonqubo
Ngokuvamile, izimakethe ezizimele azidingi ukungenelela okuningi njengezindawo ezizimele ngoba ukuncintisana kusekhona. Kodwa-ke, uhulumeni usadlala indima kulokhu:
– Gada imikhuba yokuncintisana engafanele njengezinhlangano eziqasha abantu noma amanani okuphanga.
– Qinisekisa ukuvikelwa kwabathengi ukuze izimangalo zomkhiqizo zingadukisi.
- Qinisekisa ukuthi kulula ukwenza ibhizinisi kuma-MSME ngokusebenzisa amalayisense acacile kanye nokufinyelela ezimalini.
– Ukulawula amazinga ekhwalithi, ukuphepha kokudla, kanye namalungelo empahla yengqondo.
Ukulawulwa okufanele kungagcina ukuncintisana kuphilile futhi kukhuthaze ukusungula izinto ezintsha ngaphandle kokulimaza abathengi.
Isiphetho
Isakhiwo semakethe esizimele siyisakhiwo semakethe esibonakala ngabathengisi abaningi, imikhiqizo ehlukene, kanye nokuncintisana okukhulu, ikakhulukazi ngekhwalithi, uphawu, kanye nokukhushulwa. Esikhathini esifushane, izinkampani zingazuza inzuzo noma zithole ukulahlekelwa, kodwa esikhathini eside, inzuzo yezomnotho ivame ukulahleka ngenxa yokungena kwabancintisani abasha. Nakuba izimakethe ezizimele zingaholela ekungasebenzeni kahle, ziphinde zinikeze izinzuzo ezibalulekile ngesimo sezinketho eziningi kanye namazinga aphezulu okusungula izinto ezintsha. Ngakho-ke, izimakethe ezizimele zimelela umfanekiso ocacile wendlela ukuncintisana kwanamuhla okushintshashintsha ngayo, ikakhulukazi emikhakheni yezimpahla zabathengi kanye nezinsizakalo ezihlobene kakhulu nokuphila kwabantu.
