Ukuqonda Imali Engenayo Ngomuntu Ngamunye
Imali engenayo ngomuntu ngamunye iyinkomba ebalulekile yezomnotho esetshenziselwa ukukala imali engenayo emaphakathi yabantu ezweni noma esifundeni esithile. Lesi sibonakaliso siwusizo kakhulu ekuhlinzekeni umbono jikelele wezimo zomnotho kanye nezinga lenhlalakahle yabantu kuleso sifunda. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngokujulile ngencazelo yemali engenayo ngomuntu ngamunye, indlela yokuyibala, kanye nendima yayo kanye nokubaluleka kwayo ezicini ezahlukene zomnotho.
Incazelo Yemali Engenayo Ngomuntu Ngamunye
Imali engenayo ngomuntu ngamunye iyinani eliphelele lomkhiqizo wezwe (i-GDP) ohlukaniswe ngabantu bakuleli zwe. Ngamanye amazwi, imali engenayo ngomuntu ngamunye iyimali engenayo emaphakathi etholwa ngumuntu ngamunye ezweni noma esifundeni esithile esikhathini esithile, ngokuvamile unyaka owodwa.
Ngokwezibalo, ifomula yokubala imali engenayo ngomuntu ngamunye yile:
\[ \text{Ngomuntu Ongenayo} = \frac{\text{GDP}}{\text{Population}} \]
Imali engenayo ngomuntu ngamunye ivame ukusetshenziswa njengesibonakaliso senhlalakahle yezomnotho yabantu. Imali engenayo ephezulu ngomuntu ngamunye ingabonisa ukuthi abantu bezwe bajabulela izinga lokuphila elingcono, yize kungesona kuphela isici esinquma izinga lenhlalakahle yomuntu ngamunye.
Indlela Yokubala i-GDP
Imali engenayo ngomuntu ngamunye ixhunyaniswe ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nomqondo we-GDP, okuyinani eliphelele lazo zonke izimpahla nezinsizakalo ezikhiqizwa ngaphakathi kwezwe ngesikhathi esithile. I-GDP ihlanganisa imikhakha ehlukahlukene yezomnotho njengezolimo, imboni, izinsizakalo, nezinye. I-GDP ingabalwa kusetshenziswa izindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko:
1. Indlela Yokukhiqiza: Ukubala inani eliphelele elingeziwe kuzo zonke izinhlaka zomnotho.
2. Indlela Yokuthola Imali: Ibala imali engenayo iyonke etholwe yizici zokukhiqiza emnothweni, njengemiholo noma amaholo, inzuzo yenkampani, kanye nemali engenayo evela empahleni.
3. Indlela Yokusebenzisa Imali: Ibala izindleko eziphelele ezimpahleni nasezinsizeni ezikhiqizwe emnothweni, njengokusetshenziswa, ukutshalwa kwezimali, ukusetshenziswa kwemali kukahulumeni, kanye nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe (ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ngaphandle kokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe).
Ngokubala i-GDP sisebenzisa enye yalezi zindlela bese siyihlukanisa ngenani labantu, sithola imali engenayo ngomuntu ngamunye.
Ukubaluleka Kwemali Engenayo Ngomuntu Ngamunye
1. Izinkomba Zenhlalakahle Yomnotho: Imali engenayo ngomuntu ngamunye ivame ukusetshenziswa njengesilinganiso sokuqhathanisa amazinga enhlalakahle phakathi kwamazwe noma izifunda ezahlukene. Nakuba ingabonakali zonke izici zempilo-ntle, imali engenayo ngomuntu ngamunye inikeza umbono jikelele wokuthi ingakanani imali engenayo etholakala futhi ejatshulelwa ngabantu.
2. Ukwenza Izinqumo Zenqubomgomo: Ohulumeni kanye nabenzi bezinqubomgomo basebenzisa idatha yengeniso yomuntu ngamunye ukwakha izinqubomgomo zezomnotho, zenhlalo kanye nezenhlalakahle. Isibonelo, izindawo ezinengeniso ephansi yomuntu ngamunye zingase zithole kuqala ezinhlelweni zokuqeda ubumpofu noma ukuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda.
3. Ukuhlolwa Kwamazinga Entuthuko: Izikhungo zamazwe ngamazwe ezifana neBhange Lomhlaba kanye ne-International Monetary Fund (IMF) zisebenzisa imali engenayo yomuntu ngamunye njengenye yezindlela zokuhlola amazinga entuthuko kanye nokusabalalisa usizo emazweni asathuthuka.
4. Ukuheha Ukutshalwa Kwezimali Kwamanye Amazwe: Amazwe anemali engenayo ephezulu ngomuntu ngamunye avame ukukhanga kakhulu abatshalizimali bakwamanye amazwe ngoba abonisa amandla amakhulu emakethe kanye namandla aphezulu okuthenga kwabathengi.
Imikhawulo Yemali Engenayo Ngomuntu Ngamunye
Nakuba imali engenayo ngomuntu ngamunye iyinkomba yezomnotho ewusizo, kunemingcele ethile okudingeka icatshangelwe:
1. Ukusatshalaliswa Kwemali Engenayo Engalingani: Imali engenayo ngomuntu ngamunye ibonisa kuphela imali engenayo ejwayelekile, hhayi ukubala ukungalingani kwemali engenayo ngaphakathi kwabantu. Emazweni anokungalingani okukhulu kwemali engenayo, imali engenayo eningi ingagxila kubantu abambalwa abacebile, kuyilapho iningi labantu lihlala ezimweni ezingaphansi kakhulu kwesilinganiso.
2. Akulinganisi Inhlalakahle Engeyona Eyomnotho: Imali engenayo ngomuntu ngamunye ayilinganisi inhlalakahle engeyona eyezomnotho njengekhwalithi yemfundo, ukufinyelela ezinsizakalweni zezempilo, ikhwalithi yemvelo, kanye nenjabulo. Lezi yizici ezibalulekile zempilo ezingenakulinganiswa kuphela ngemali engenayo yezomnotho.
3. Izinguquko Emananini Emali: Imali engenayo ngomuntu ngamunye kumele ibalwe ngenani elihlala njalo ukuze kulungiswe ukukhuphuka kwamanani. Izinguquko emananini emali zingathinta imali engenayo ngomuntu ngamunye futhi zenze ukuqhathanisa phakathi kweminyaka kunganembile.
4. Umnotho Ongahlelekile kanye Nezolimo Zokuziphilisa: Kwamanye amazwe asathuthuka, ingxenye enkulu yomnotho ingaba semkhakheni ongahlelekile noma wezokuziphilisa, okungafakwanga ngokugcwele ekubalweni kwe-GDP. Lokhu kungabangela imali engenayo ebalwe kancane ngomuntu ngamunye kunemali engenayo yangempela.
Imali Engenayo Ngomuntu Ngamunye Emazweni Ahlukahlukene
Imali engenayo ngomuntu ngamunye ihluka kakhulu phakathi kwamazwe nezifunda zomhlaba. Amazwe athuthukile njengeNorway, iSwitzerland, kanye ne-United States ngokuvamile anemali engenayo ephezulu ngomuntu ngamunye, okubonisa izinga eliphezulu lentuthuko yezomnotho kanye nekhwalithi yokuphila. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amazwe asathuthuka e-Afrika noma eNingizimu Asia angase abe nemali engenayo ephansi kakhulu ngomuntu ngamunye, okubonisa izinselele zomnotho abhekene nazo.
Ohulumeni emazweni anemali engenayo ephansi ngomuntu ngamunye bavame ukugxila ekwandiseni i-GDP ngamasu ahlukahlukene okuthuthukisa, njengokukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni, ukwandisa ukutshalwa kwezimali engqalasizinda, imfundo, kanye nempilo, kanye nokudala isimo sebhizinisi esivumayo ukuze kudonswe utshalomali lwakwamanye amazwe.
Isiphetho
Imali engenayo ngomuntu ngamunye iyinkomba ebalulekile yokulinganisa inhlalakahle yezomnotho yabantu. Ngokubala imali engenayo ejwayelekile ngomuntu ngamunye, lesi sibonakaliso sisiza ekuhlinzekeni umbono jikelele wezimo zomnotho kanye nezinga lokuphila ezweni noma esifundeni esithile. Naphezu kwemingcele efana nokusatshalaliswa kwemali engenayo okungalingani kanye nokwenqatshwa kwenhlalakahle engeyona eyezomnotho, imali engenayo ngomuntu ngamunye isalokhu iyithuluzi eliwusizo kohulumeni, abenzi bezinqubomgomo, kanye nabatshalizimali ekuhloleni nasekuqhathaniseni amazinga entuthuko yezomnotho.
Ngokusebenzisa ukuhlaziywa kwemali engenayo ngomuntu ngamunye, amazwe angabona amandla nobuthakathaka bawo kwezomnotho futhi akhe amasu asebenzayo okukhuthaza ukukhula komnotho nokuthuthukisa inhlalakahle yomphakathi. Ukuqhubekela phambili, ngokuqhubeka nokuhlaziya izindlela zokulinganisa nokucabangela izici ezibanzi zempilo, imali engenayo ngomuntu ngamunye izohlinzeka ngokuqonda okuphelele ngokwengeziwe ngentuthuko yomnotho womhlaba wonke.
