Umnotho Omkhulu kanye Nomnotho Omncane
I-Macroeconomics kanye ne-microeconomics yizigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko zomnotho, ngayinye inendlela ehlukile futhi igxile ekuhlaziyeni ukusimama komsebenzi wezomnotho. Lawa magatsha amabili ayahambisana, enikeza isithombe esibanzi samaphethini ezomnotho, ukuziphatha, kanye nezimo. Ukuqonda okuhle kwala magatsha womabili kubalulekile, njengoba ngalinye linikeza ukuqonda okuhlukile okubalulekile ekwenzeni izinqumo emazingeni omuntu ngamunye, ezinkampanini, kanye nakuhulumeni.
Umnotho Omkhulu: Ukubuka Konke
I-Macroeconomics igatsha lezomnotho elihlola isakhiwo, ukusebenza, kanye nokuziphatha komnotho wonke noma ngobuningi. Izinto ezigxilwe kakhulu kwezomnotho omkhulu zihlanganisa ukukhula komnotho, ukukhuphuka kwamanani entengo, ukungasebenzi, inqubomgomo yezimali, kanye nenqubomgomo yezimali. Umgomo oyinhloko we-macroeconomics ukuqonda izici ezithonya ukusebenza komnotho wezwe nokuthi izinqubomgomo zomnotho zingasetshenziswa kanjani ukufeza ukuzinza komnotho, ukukhula okusimeme, kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwengcebo ngokulinganayo.
Ukukhula komnotho
Ukukhula komnotho kuyinkomba ebalulekile yezomnotho omkhulu ekhombisa ukwanda kwamandla okukhiqiza ezweni. Lokhu kukhula kuvame ukulinganiswa ngokuqhathanisa i-Gross Domestic Product (GDP) unyaka nonyaka. I-GDP ibonisa inani eliphelele lezimpahla nezinsizakalo ezikhiqizwa umnotho esikhathini esithile. Ohulumeni kanye nezazi zezomnotho bahlala belwela ukugcina ukukhula komnotho okuhle ukuze bathuthukise inhlalakahle yomphakathi.
Ukwehla kwamandla emali
Ukwehla kwamandla emali kuwukwenyuka okuvamile kwamanani ezimpahla nezinsizakalo emnothweni, kunciphisa amandla okuthenga emali. Ukwehla kwamandla emali okulawulwayo kubhekwa njengokunempilo emnothweni, njengoba kuvame ukukhombisa ukwanda kwesidingo kanye nomsebenzi wezomnotho. Kodwa-ke, ukwehla kwamandla emali okuphezulu ngokweqile, noma ukwehla kwamandla emali, kungaba yingozi kakhulu, kuyilapho ukwehla kwamandla emali (ukwehla kwamandla emali okuvamile) nakho kungabangela izinkinga zomnotho njengokunciphisa ukutshalwa kwezimali kanye nokukhiqiza.
Ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi
Izinga lokungasebenzi lilinganisa iphesenti labasebenzi abangasebenzi kodwa abafuna umsebenzi ngenkuthalo. Ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi okuphezulu kubonisa ukucindezeleka kwezomnotho futhi kuvame ukudinga ukungenelela kwenqubomgomo ukuze kudalwe imisebenzi emisha. Inqubomgomo yokuntuleka kwemisebenzi ihilela ukuhlonza nokubhekana nezimbangela eziyisisekelo zokuntuleka kwemisebenzi, njengokuntuleka kwamakhono, ushintsho kwezobuchwepheshe, kanye nesidingo esibuthakathaka semakethe.
Inqubomgomo Yezimali Neyezimali
Inqubomgomo yezimali kanye neyezimali yizona zindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko ohulumeni abazisebenzisayo ukulawula umnotho.
Inqubomgomo Yezimali
Inqubomgomo yezimali ihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwemali kahulumeni kanye nemali engenayo. Le nqubomgomo ihilela ukusetshenziswa kwentela kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemali ukuze kuthonye umnotho. Isibonelo, ngesikhathi sokwehla komnotho, uhulumeni angandisa ukusetshenziswa kwemali futhi anciphise intela ukuze akhuthaze ukukhula. Lokhu kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi inqubomgomo yokwandisa. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ngezikhathi zokushisa ngokweqile komnotho noma ukwehla kwamandla emali okuphezulu, uhulumeni anganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwemali noma andise intela ngenqubomgomo yokunciphisa izindleko.
Inqubomgomo Yezimali
Inqubomgomo yemali iphathwa amabhange amakhulu futhi ihilela ukulawula ukunikezwa kwemali kanye namazinga enzalo. Amabhange amakhulu, njenge-Federal Reserve e-United States noma i-Bank Indonesia e-Indonesia, asebenzisa inqubomgomo yemali ukulawula ukwehla kwamandla emali, ukunciphisa ukungasebenzi, kanye nokukhuthaza ukukhula komnotho. Isibonelo, ngokunciphisa amazinga enzalo, amabhange amakhulu angakhuthaza ukutshalwa kwezimali kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemali ngabathengi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ngokukhulisa amazinga enzalo, amabhange amakhulu angavimbela umnotho ekushiseni ngokweqile futhi alawule ukwehla kwamandla emali.
I-Microeconomics: Ukubuka Konke
Nakuba i-macroeconomics igxila emnothweni wonkana, i-microeconomics igxila ekuziphatheni kwabantu ngabanye kanye nezinkampani. I-Microeconomics ihlola ukuthi izinqumo zenziwa kanjani yimindeni kanye nezinkampani, nokuthi ukusebenzisana kwazo ezimakethe kuthinta kanjani ukusatshalaliswa kwezinsiza.
Ukunikezwa kanye Nesidingo
Imiqondo eyisisekelo kwezomnotho ezincane ukuhlinzeka kanye nesidingo. Isidingo sibhekisela enanini lezimpahla noma izinsizakalo ezifiswa ngabathengi emazingeni ahlukahlukene entengo, kuyilapho ukuhlinzeka kubhekisela enanini lezimpahla noma izinsizakalo ezinikezwa abakhiqizi emazingeni ahlukahlukene entengo. Ukusebenzisana phakathi kokuhlinzeka kanye nesidingo kunquma amanani kanye nenani lezimpahla nezinsizakalo ezithengiswa emakethe.
I-Elastisitas
Ukunwebeka kuyisilinganiso sokuthi isidingo noma ukuhlinzekwa kusabela kanjani ezinguqukweni zentengo noma ezinye izici. Isibonelo, uma isidingo somkhiqizo sizwela kakhulu ezinguqukweni zentengo, umkhiqizo kuthiwa unokwenyuka kwesidingo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma izinguquko zentengo zingenawo umthelela omkhulu ekufuneni, umkhiqizo unokwenyuka kwesidingo okuphansi.
Ithiyori Yokukhiqiza Nezindleko
I-Microeconomics iphinde ihlole indlela izinkampani ezinquma ngayo ukuthi yiziphi izinhlanganisela zokufaka okufanele zisetshenziswe ukukhiqiza izimpahla noma izinsizakalo. Ithiyori yokukhiqiza ihlanganisa ukuhlaziywa kwendlela okufakwayo okufana nabasebenzi kanye nemali eyinhloko okuguqulwa ngayo kube umkhiqizo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ithiyori yezindleko ihilela ukutadisha izindleko izinkampani ezibhekene nazo ekukhiqizeni, njengezindleko ezizinzile neziguquguqukayo, nokuthi lezi zindleko zithonya kanjani izinqumo zokukhiqiza kanye namanani.
Imakethe Yokuncintisana
I-Microeconomics ihlola izakhiwo ezahlukene zemakethe, kusukela ezimakethe ezincintisana ngokuphelele, lapho abathengi nabathengisi abaningi besebenza khona, kuya ezimakethe ezizimele, lapho umthengisi oyedwa ebusa khona imakethe. Ezimakethe ezincintisana ngokuphelele, amanani anqunywa ukusebenzisana kokuhlinzekwa kanye nesidingo, futhi abakhiqizi babhekwa njengabathatha amanani. Ezimakethe ezizimele, izinkampani zinamandla okubeka amanani ngenxa yokuntuleka kokuncintisana. Ukwakheka kwemakethe kuthonya ukuziphatha kwabakhiqizi nabathengi, kanye nokusebenza kahle kokwabiwa kwezinsiza.
Inqubomgomo kahulumeni
Ohulumeni bavame ukungenelela ezimakethe ukuze balungise ukwehluleka kwemakethe futhi bathuthukise inhlalakahle yomphakathi. Lezi zinqubomgomo zingafaka phakathi ukulawulwa kwamanani, izibonelelo, intela, kanye nemikhawulo yobuningi. Isibonelo, ohulumeni bangase babeke intela ezimpahleni ezikhiqiza izinto zangaphandle ezimbi, njengokungcola, noma baxhase izimboni ezibhekwa njengezibalulekile. Ku-microeconomics, ukuhlaziywa kwezindleko nezinzuzo kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlola ukusebenza kahle kwalezi zinqubomgomo.
Ubudlelwano Phakathi Kwezomnotho Omkhulu kanye Nezomnotho Omncane
Nakuba i-macroeconomics kanye ne-microeconomics zigxila ezicini ezahlukene zomnotho, la magatsha amabili ahlobene. Izinqubomgomo ze-macroeconomics zingathonya izinqumo zabantu ngabanye kanye nezinkampani. Isibonelo, inqubomgomo yesilinganiso senzalo ephansi esetshenziswa yibhange eliphakathi ingakhuthaza izinkampani ukuthi zithathe imali mboleko eyengeziwe futhi zitshale imali, okungabe sekuthinta umkhiqizo kanye namanani ezingeni eliphansi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuziphatha kwezomnotho ezincane kungathinta nokusebenza komnotho omkhulu. Izinqumo zokusebenzisa kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali yimindeni kanye nezinkampani zinquma isidingo esiphelele emnothweni, okuthonya ukukhula komnotho, ukwehla kwamandla emali, kanye nokuntuleka kwemisebenzi.
Isiphetho
I-Macroeconomics kanye ne-microeconomics zinikeza imibono ehlukene kodwa ehambisanayo yokuqonda umnotho. Ngenkathi i-macroeconomics igxila ezinguqukweni ezihlanganisiwe kanye nezinqubomgomo ezithinta umnotho wonkana, i-microeconomics igxila ekuziphatheni kwabantu ngabanye kanye nezinkampani kanye nokusebenzisana kwabo emakethe. Ukuqonda okuphelele kwamagatsha womabili kubalulekile ekuhlaziyweni okuphelele kanye nokwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi oluthe xaxa emazingeni ahlukahlukene.
