Okulandelayo yisihloko esithi "Imibuzo Eyisibonelo Ngokuxoxa Ngombono Wokuziphendukela Kwemvelo Kwangaphambi KukaDarwin":
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Imibuzo Eyisibonelo Exoxa Ngombono Wokuziphendukela Kwemvelo Kwangaphambi KukaDarwin
Ngaphambi kokuba uCharles Darwin ashicilele inkolelo-mbono yakhe yokuguquka kwemvelo encwadini yakhe ethi, “On the Origin of Species” ngo-1859, kwakukhona imibono ehlukahlukene mayelana noshintsho kanye nemvelaphi yokuphila. Inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yangaphambi kukaDarwin ichaza imibono kanye nemibono mayelana nokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngaphambi kokuba ukucabanga kukaDarwin kube yinto evelele. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola eminye imibono ebalulekile yangaphambi kukaDarwin futhi sixoxe ngezibonelo zezinkinga ezivamile ezihlobene nale mibono.
1. Inkolelo-mbono kaLamarck (ubuLamarckism)
UJean-Baptiste Lamarck wayengusosayensi wezinto eziphilayo waseFrance owaphakamisa inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19. Omunye wemibono kaLamarck edume kakhulu “umbono wefa lezimpawu ezitholakale.” ULamarck waphikisana ngokuthi izinto eziphilayo zingazishintsha zona ngokwazo esikhathini sokuphila kwazo ngokusekelwe ekusetshenzisweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwezitho zomzimba wazo, futhi lezi zinguquko zingadluliselwa enzalweni yazo.
Isibonelo Sombuzo 1:
Chaza umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwenkolelo-mbono kaLamarck kanye nenkolelo-mbono kaDarwin.
Ingxoxo:
ULamarck wayekholelwa ukuthi izinguquko ezenziwa ngesikhathi sokuphila kwesidalwa ngenxa yokusetshenziswa noma ukungasetshenziswa kwezingxenye ezithile zomzimba zingadluliselwa enzalweni yaso. Isibonelo, uLamarck angasho ukuthi izindlulamithi zinezintamo ezinde ngoba okhokho bazo belula izintamo zabo ukuze bafinyelele amaqabunga emithini emide. Ngokuphambene nalokho, uDarwin wasikisela ukuthi ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo kwenzeka ezinhlotsheni, futhi ukukhetha kwemvelo kusiza abantu abanezici ezifanele kakhulu indawo yabo yokuphila nokuzala.
2. Inkolelo-mbono yeNhlekelele (iNhlekelele)
Inhlekelele umbono wokuthi uMhlaba nokuphila okukuwo kwabunjwa uchungechunge lwezinhlekelele zemvelo ezimfushane nezinamandla, njengesikhukhula esikhulu noma ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo, okwabangela ukuqothulwa kwabantu abaningi. UGeorges Cuvier, isazi se-paleontologist saseFrance, wayengumsekeli ohamba phambili walo mbono.
Isibonelo Sombuzo 2:
Imfundiso yenhlekelele ihluke kanjani kumbono we-uniformitarianism?
Ingxoxo:
Inhlekelele, eholwa nguGeorges Cuvier, yaphikisana ngokuthi ukuphila eMhlabeni kwabunjwa yizehlakalo ezimbi kakhulu ezafika ngezikhathi ezimfushane, okwabangela ukubhujiswa okubanzi kanye nokululama okulandelayo ngezinhlobo ezintsha zokuphila. Lo mbono wawuphambene ne-uniformitarianism, eyaphakanyiswa nguJames Hutton futhi yasekelwa nguCharles Lyell, owayekholelwa ukuthi izinqubo ze-geological ezisebenza namuhla, njengokuguguleka komhlabathi kanye nokususwa kwawo, zenzeke ngendlela efanayo phakathi nesikhathi, kancane kancane zakha ubuso boMhlaba.
3. Ithiyori Yokuhlukaniswa (Ithiyori KaLinnaeus)
UCarl Linnaeus, isazi sezitshalo nodokotela waseSweden, waziwa ngesistimu yakhe yokuhlukanisa i-binomial, esasetshenziswa nanamuhla. Nakuba umsebenzi wakhe omningi wawuphathelene ne-taxonomy, noma ukuhlukaniswa kwezinto eziphilayo, uLinnaeus wayenombono wokuthi izinhlobo zazizinzile futhi zadalwa njengoba zikhona. Kodwa-ke, ekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe, wavuma ukuthi izinhlobo zingashintsha kancane.
Isibonelo Sombuzo 3:
Kungani uLinnaeus ekugcineni aqala ukwamukela izinguquko ezincane ezinhlotsheni?
Ingxoxo:
Ekuqaleni uLinnaeus wayekholelwa ekungaguquki kwezinhlobo, kodwa waqala ukuqaphela ukwehluka kwezinhlobo okwaphawulwa ngesikhathi socwaningo lwakhe lwezitshalo. Wabona ukuthi izinhlobo zingashintsha futhi zihlukahluke, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezahlukene. Lokhu kwamenza wamukela ukuthi kungenzeka kube nezinguquko ezincane emingceleni yezinhlobo azichaza ohlelweni lwakhe lokuhlukanisa, yize engazange amukele umbono ogcwele wokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
4. Ithiyori Yokuguqulwa Kwesimo (Ukuguqulwa Kwangaphambi Kokuguqulwa Kwesimo KukaLamarck)
Izazi zefilosofi zemvelo eziningana kanye nososayensi ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 baqala ukwakha umbono wokuthi izinhlobo azimi ndawonye kodwa zingashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi—umqondo owaziwa ngokuthi ukuguqulwa kwesimo sezinto. Lokhu kwakuhlanganisa u-Erasmus Darwin, umkhulu kaCharles Darwin, owathi, enkondlweni yakhe ethi “Zoonomia,” waphakamisa umbono wokuphila okushintshayo.
Isibonelo Sombuzo 4:
Uyini umnikelo ka-Erasmus Darwin emcabangweni wokuguqulwa kwezinhlobo?
Ingxoxo:
U-Erasmus Darwin wasikisela ukuthi izinhlobo zingashintsha futhi ziguquke ngezindlela ezifana nalokho kamuva okwaziwa ngokuthi ukukhethwa kwemvelo, yize kungekho ndlela echazwe ngokucacile. Wabhala ngokuzivumelanisa nezimo, ukwakheka ngokubambisana, ngisho nokulwela ukusinda, okwaba yisisekelo senkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Umsebenzi wakhe wanikeza eminye yemibono eyaphefumulela umzukulu wakhe, uCharles Darwin, ukuba athuthukise inkolelo-mbono yakhe yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Isiphetho
Ucwaningo lwemibono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yangaphambi kukaDarwin lunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile kokuthi ukuqonda kwethu ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kuye kwashintsha kanjani phakathi namakhulu eminyaka. Nakuba le mibono ingasamukelwa ngokugcwele ngesimo sayo sokuqala, yadlala indima ebalulekile ekwakheni indlela eholela ekutholakaleni kukaDarwin kanye nokuqonda kwethu kwanamuhla ukuziphendukela kwemvelo. Izingxoxo ngoLamarckism, inhlekelele, imibono kaLinnaeus, kanye nemibono yokuqala yokuguqulwa kwesimo sezinto zinikeza isithombe esiphelele somlando wesayensi nokuthi imibono emisha yakhiwa futhi yahlolwa kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ngokuqonda lezi zisekelo zomlando, singakuqonda kangcono ubunzima kanye nokuguquguquka kwesayensi, okuqhubeka nokuguquka njengoba sithola ukuqonda okusha ngomhlaba osizungezile.
