Isihloko: Isibonelo Semibuzo Yengxoxo Ngombono Ovela Ku-Prokaryotic Kuya Ku-Eukaryotic
I-Pendahuluan
Ku-biology, esinye sezihloko ezibalulekile okuxoxwe ngazo ukuvela kwezinto eziphilayo ze-prokaryotic kuya kwe-eukaryotic. Ama-Prokaryotes yizinto eziphilayo ezineseli elilodwa ezingenayo i-nucleus kanye ne-organelles eziboshwe nge-membrane, njengebhaktheriya kanye ne-archaea. Okwamanje, ama-eukaryotes yizinto eziphilayo ezinamaseli ane-nucleus yangempela kanye ne-organelles eziboshwe nge-membrane, okuhlanganisa izilwane, izitshalo, isikhunta, kanye nama-protists. Le mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ingenye yezenzakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wokuphila eMhlabeni.
Ithiyori eyaziwa kakhulu echaza lolu shintsho ithiyori ye-endosymbiosis, eyaqala ukuthandwa nguLynn Margulis ngo-1967. Le thiyori ithi ama-eukaryote ashintsha ebuhlotsheni be-symbiotic phakathi kwamaseli amaningana e-prokaryotic. Lesi sihloko sizobuyekeza izinkinga zesampula futhi sixoxe ngale thiyori, okunethemba lokuthi izosiza ekuqondeni ukuvela kwamaseli.
Imibuzo Eyisibonelo Nengxoxo
Umbuzo 1: Chaza inkolelo-mbono ye-endosymbiosis bese usho ubufakazi obusekela le nkolelo-mbono.
Ingxoxo:
Ithiyori ye-endosymbiosis ichaza ukuthi ama-organelle afana nama-mitochondria nama-chloroplast kumaseli e-eukaryotic avela kuma-prokaryotes aphilayo ahlala ngaphakathi kweseli le-eukaryotic lasendulo. Ekuqaleni, iseli le-aerobic prokaryotic langena kwelinye iseli elikhulu le-prokaryotic njenge-endosymbiont. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ubudlelwano be-symbiotic bazuzisa bobabili izinhlangothi, lapho iseli eliphethe lizuza emandleni e-metabolic e-endosymbiont, kuyilapho i-endosymbiont ithola indawo ephephile kanye nezinsiza. Ekugcineni, le endosymbiont yaguquka yaba yi-organelle.
Ubufakazi obusekela inkolelo-mbono ye-endosymbiosis buhlanganisa:
1. Ama-mitochondria nama-chloroplast ane-DNA yawo eyindilinga efana ne-DNA yebhaktheriya.
2. Zombili lezi organelles zinezimbotshana ezimbili, okubonisa ukuthi ungqimba olulodwa lwembotshana luvela kuma-vesicle e-phagocytic eseli eliyibamba.
3. Ama-mitochondria nama-chloroplast azalana ngokuzimela kweseli ngokusebenzisa ukuhlukana kwe-binary, indlela esetshenziswa ama-prokaryotes.
4. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-phylogenetic kukhombisa ukuthi izakhi zofuzo ezikwi-mitochondria kanye nama-chloroplast zifana kakhulu nezakhi zofuzo eziku-nucleus ye-eukaryotic.
Umbuzo 2: Nikeza isibonelo sento ephilayo esekela inkolelo-mbono ye-endosymbiosis.
Ingxoxo:
Isibonelo esisodwa sezinto eziphilayo ezisekela inkolelo-mbono ye-endosymbiosis yi-Amoeba proteus kanye ne-endosymbiont yayo yebhaktheriya. I-Amoeba proteus iyi-protozoan ye-eukaryotic engakha ubudlelwano bokubambisana namabhaktheriya kanye nolwelwe. Lobu budlelwano busenza sibone uhlobo lokuqala lobudlelwano be-endosymbiosis.
Esinye isibonelo yiCyanophora paradoxa, i-eukaryotic protist enama-cyanelles, ama-organelle e-photosynthetic okucatshangwa ukuthi angama-endosymbionts e-cyanobacteria. Ukuba khona kwalezi zinto eziphilayo kusikisela ubudlelwano bokubambisana obuqhubeke nokwakha ama-chloroplast kwezinye izinto eziphilayo ze-photosynthesis.
Umbuzo 3: I-mitochondria kanye nama-chloroplast angabhekwa kanjani njengomphumela wokuziphendukela kwemvelo okuvela kuma-prokaryotes?
Ingxoxo:
Ama-mitochondria nama-chloroplast kucatshangwa ukuthi avele kuma-prokaryotes ngenxa yokufana okukhulunywe ngakho ngenhla, njengokuba khona kwe-DNA eyindilinga kanye nokuzala ngokusebenzisa i-binary fission. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlaziywa kwezakhi zofuzo kusikisela ukuthi ama-chloroplast atholakala kuma-cyanobacteria kanye nama-mitochondria avela kuma-proteobacteria. Idatha yama-molecular ikhombisa ukuthi izakhi zofuzo ezithile kuma-mitochondria kanye nama-chloroplast zifana kakhulu nezakhi zofuzo kuma-bacteria athile.
Le nqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kungenzeka yenzeke ngezigaba eziningana, kanti isinyathelo sokuqala siyi-prokaryotic organism ehlala endaweni ecebile ngama-probiotic. Ukumuncwa nokugcinwa kwama-endosymbionts akugcini nje ngokuhlinzeka ngezinzuzo ze-metabolic kodwa futhi kwathonya ikhono le-organism lokusebenzisa izinsiza ezahlukene, okwaholela enzuzweni enkulu yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Umbuzo 4: Yimuphi umehluko oyisisekelo phakathi kwamaseli e-prokaryotic kanye ne-eukaryotic ngokombono wokusebenza kwesakhiwo?
Ingxoxo:
Umehluko oyisisekelo phakathi kwamaseli e-prokaryotic namaseli e-eukaryotic uhlanganisa:
1. Ukuba khona kwe-Nucleus: Amaseli e-Eukaryotic ane-nucleus yangempela evikelwe yi-membrane yenuzi, kuyilapho amaseli e-prokaryotic engenayo i-nucleus; i-DNA yawo itholakala ku-cytoplasm endaweni ebizwa ngokuthi i-nucleoid.
2. Isakhiwo se-DNA: I-DNA kumaseli e-prokaryotic iyindilinga futhi ilula, kuyilapho i-DNA kuma-eukaryotes iyinkimbinkimbi futhi iqondile ngama-histone akha i-chromatin.
3. Ama-organelle aboshwe yi-membrane: Amaseli e-eukaryotic anezinhlobo ezahlukene zama-organelle aboshwe yi-membrane, njenge-mitochondria, ama-chloroplast, i-Golgi apparatus, kanye ne-endoplasmic reticulum. Amaseli e-prokaryotic awanawo la ma-organelle.
4. Usayizi Weseli: Ngokuvamile, amangqamuzana e-eukaryotic makhulu kunamaseli e-prokaryotic.
5. Ukuhlukaniswa Kwamaseli: Amaseli e-Prokaryotic ahlukanisa i-binary, kuyilapho amaseli e-eukaryotic ehlukana nge-mitosis noma i-meiosis.
Isiphetho
Ukuguquka kusuka ezintweni eziphilayo ze-prokaryotic kuya ezintweni eziphilayo ze-eukaryotic kwakuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekuguqukeni kokuphila eMhlabeni. Ngombono we-endosymbiosis, siyaqonda ukuthi ama-prokaryotes aguqukela kanjani kumaseli e-eukaryotic ayinkimbinkimbi, akwazi ukwakha ubunzima bokuphila njengoba sikwazi namuhla. Ukuqonda izindlela kanye nobufakazi obungemuva kwale mbono kusiza ukuchaza ukuhlukahluka kanye nokuguquka kwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni wethu. Ngakho-ke, ukufunda imibuzo mayelana nale mbono kuzokwandisa ukuqonda kwethu ngemvelaphi yezinhlobo ezahlukene zomhlaba.
