Isibonelo Sombuzo Wengxoxo Ngokucindezeleka Kwe-Osmotic Kwezixazululo
I-Pendahuluan
Ingcindezi ye-osmotic iyinto ebalulekile kumakhemikhali kanye ne-biology. Ingcindezi edingekayo ukuvimbela ukugeleza kwamanzi ku-membrane engangeni kahle kusuka kwisisombululo sokuhlushwa okuphansi kuya kwisisombululo sokuhlushwa okuphezulu. Ukuqonda ingcindezi ye-osmotic kubalulekile ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zokusetshenziswa, njengezinqubo zebhayoloji kumaseli, ukwelashwa kwamanzi, kanye nokwakhiwa kwemithi. Ukuze sicacise lo mqondo ngokucacile, sizoxoxa ngezinkinga eziningana zezibonelo kanye nezixazululo ezihlobene nengcindezi ye-osmotic yezixazululo.
Umbuzo 1: Ukubala Ukucindezela Kwe-Osmotic Kwesisombululo Sikashukela
Umbuzo:
Amagremu amabili e-sucrose (C12H22O11) ancibilikiswa emanzini ukuze enze ivolumu engu-500 mL. Iyini ingcindezi ye-osmotic yalesi sixazululo ku-25°C? (Sebenzisa u-R = 0.0821 L·atm·K^-1·mol^-1 kanye nesisindo se-molar se-sucrose = 342 g/mol).
Ingxoxo:
1. Bala ubuningi besisombululo:
I-Molarity (M) = \( \dfrac{\text{Inani lama-moles e-solute}}{\text{Umthamo wesisombululo ngamalitha}} \)
Inani lama-moles e-sucrose = \( \dfrac{2 \text{ g}}{342 \text{ g/mol}} \) = 0.00585 mol
Ivolumu yesisombululo = 500 mL = 0.5 L
I-Molarity (M) = \( \dfrac{0.00585 \text{ mol}}{0.5 \text{ L}} \) = 0.0117 M
2. Ukubala ingcindezi ye-osmotic:
Ingcindezi ye-osmotic (π) = MRT
Di mana:
M = 0.0117 mol/L
R = 0.0821 L atm K^-1 mol^-1
T = 25°C = 298 K (ngoba izinga lokushisa kumele libe ku-Kelvin)
π = (0.0117 mol/L)(0.0821 L·atm·K^-1·mol^-1)(298 K)
π = 0.286 atm
Ngakho-ke, ingcindezi ye-osmotic yesisombululo se-sucrose ingu-0.286 atm.
Umbuzo 2: Ukucindezela kwe-Osmotic kwesisombululo se-Electrolyte
Umbuzo:
Iyini ingcindezi ye-osmotic yesisombululo se-NaCl esinokuhlushwa okungu-0.2 M ekushiseni okungu-27°C? (Kuyaziwa ukuthi i-NaCl iyi-electrolyte ehlukana ngokuphelele ibe yi-Na+ kanye ne-Cl- kanye ne-R = 0.0821 L·atm·K^-1·mol^-1)
Ingxoxo:
1. Bala izinga lokuhlukana:
I-NaCl → I-Na+ + I-Cl-
Njengoba i-NaCl ihlukene ngokuphelele, inani eliphelele lezinhlayiya ezixazululweni liphindwe kabili kune-moles ye-NaCl.
Inani eliphelele lezinhlayiya = 2 × inani lama-moles e-NaCl
2. Ukubala ingcindezi ye-osmotic:
Ingcindezi ye-Osmotic (π) = iMRT
Di mana:
i = 2 (ngoba kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama-ion, i-Na+ kanye ne-Cl-)
M = 0.2 mol/L
R = 0.0821 L atm K^-1 mol^-1
T = 27°C = 300 K
π = (2)(0.2 mol/L)(0.0821 L·atm·K^-1·mol^-1)(300 K)
π = 9.852 atm
Ngakho-ke, ingcindezi ye-osmotic yesisombululo se-NaCl esingu-0.2 M ku-27°C ingu-9.852 atm.
Umbuzo 3: Ukucindezela kwe-Osmotic ku-Glucose kanye ne-Fructose Solutions
Umbuzo:
Isixazululo senziwa ngokuncibilikisa i-mole eyodwa ye-glucose (C6H12O6) kanye ne-mole eyodwa ye-fructose (C6H12O6) ku-1 litre yamanzi. Iyini ingcindezi ye-osmotic yesisombululo ku-37°C? (Sebenzisa i-R = 0.0821 L atm K^-1 mol^-1)
Ingxoxo:
1. Bala inani eliphelele lama-moles:
Inani eliphelele lama-moles = 1 mole ye-glucose + 1 mole ye-fructose = 2 moles
2. Ukubala ingcindezi ye-osmotic:
Ingcindezi ye-osmotic (π) = MRT
Di mana:
M = 2 mol/L (ngoba kunezinhlayiya ezimbili eziphelele ku-1 litre yamanzi)
R = 0.0821 L atm K^-1 mol^-1
T = 37°C = 310 K
π = (2 mol/L)(0.0821 L·atm·K^-1·mol^-1)(310 K)
π = 50.942 atm
Ngakho-ke, ingcindezi ye-osmotic yesisombululo equkethe i-mole eyi-1 ye-glucose kanye ne-mole eyi-1 ye-fructose ku-1 litre yamanzi ku-37°C ingu-50.942 atm.
Umbuzo 4: Ingxube Yezinto Ezimbili Ezingezona Ezogesi
Umbuzo:
Iyini ingcindezi ye-osmotic yengxube equkethe i-0.5 mol ye-urea (CO(NH2)2) kanye ne-0.5 mol ye-ethanol (C2H5OH) ku-1 litre yamanzi ku-20°C? (R = 0.0821 L·atm·K^-1·mol^-1)
Ingxoxo:
1. Bala inani eliphelele lama-moles esixazululweni:
Inani eliphelele lama-moles = 0.5 mol urea + 0.5 mol ethanol = 1 mol
2. Ukubala ingcindezi ye-osmotic:
Ingcindezi ye-osmotic (π) = MRT
Di mana:
M = 1 mol/L (ngoba kunezinhlayiya ezimbili eziphelele ku-1 litre yamanzi)
R = 0.0821 L atm K^-1 mol^-1
T = 20°C = 293 K
π = (1 mol/L)(0.0821 L·atm·K^-1·mol^-1)(293 K)
π = 24.0633 atm
Ngakho-ke, ingcindezi ye-osmotic yengxube equkethe i-0.5 mol ye-urea kanye ne-0.5 mol ye-ethanol ku-1 litre yamanzi ku-20°C ingu-24.0633 atm.
Isiphetho
Kusukela enkingeni yesibonelo engenhla, singaqonda ukuthi singabala kanjani ingcindezi ye-osmotic ngaphansi kwezimo ezahlukahlukene. Ingcindezi ye-osmotic ithintwa yizici ezifana nokuhlushwa kwesisombululo, uhlobo lwe-solute (i-electrolyte noma i-non-electrolyte), kanye nokushisa. Ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo ngemuva kwengcindezi ye-osmotic kuncike ezimisweni eziyisisekelo ezichazwe umthetho wegesi ofanele. Ngokuqonda kahle lo mqondo, singawusebenzisa ezimweni ezahlukahlukene ezisebenzayo kukhemistri kanye ne-biology.
