Imibuzo Eyisibonelo Exoxa Ngokuqanjwa Kwama-Organic Compounds
I-organic chemistry iyigatsha le-chemistry elifunda isakhiwo, izakhiwo, ukwakheka, ukusabela, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwama-carbon compounds, ama-molecule ayisisekelo okuphila. Ku-organic chemistry, ukuqamba i-compound akuyona into engahleliwe. Kunemithetho ejwayelekile eyaziwa ngokuthi i-IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) Amagama asetshenziswa ukubiza la ma-organic compounds. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngezinkinga eziningana zezibonelo kanye nezingxoxo zazo maqondana nokubiza ama-organic compounds ngokusekelwe emithethweni ye-IUPAC.
Isingeniso ku-Organic Compound Nomenclature
Ngaphambi kokuba singene engxoxweni yemibuzo, kungaba ngumqondo omuhle ukubukeza kafushane imithetho eyisisekelo yokuqamba amagama amakhemikhali e-organic:
1. Ukunqunywa kochungechunge oluyinhloko: Uchungechunge lwekhabhoni olude kakhulu oluqukethe iqembu eliyinhloko elisebenzayo.
2. Ukufakwa kwezinombolo zama-athomu ekhabhoni kuchungechunge oluyinhloko: Ukufakwa kwezinombolo kwenziwa ukuze iqembu eliyinhloko elisebenzayo lithole inombolo ephansi kakhulu.
3. Ukuqanjwa kwamagama ezinto ezithatha indawo: Amaqembu ezinto ezithatha indawo axhunywe kuchungechunge oluyinhloko aqanjwa futhi abekwe ngokususelwa enombolweni ye-athomu yekhabhoni axhunywe kuyo.
4. Uma kuneziningi ezithatha indawo, zihlelwe ngokulandelana kwezinhlamvu, futhi uma kuneziningi ezithatha indawo ezingaphezu kweyodwa zohlobo olufanayo, sebenzisa isiqalisi esithi di-, tri-, tetra-, njll.
Imibuzo Eyisibonelo Nengxoxo
umbuzo 1
Nikeza igama le-IUPAC lale nhlanganisela elandelayo:
Ingxoxo:
1. Thola uchungechunge lwekhabhoni olude kakhulu: Sinochungechunge lwekhabhoni olude kakhulu olunama-athomu ekhabhoni ayi-6, ngakho-ke luwuchungechunge oluyinhloko.
2. Iqembu eliyinhloko elisebenzayo: Lapha sibona iqembu lotshwala (-OH) kunombolo 2 yekhabhoni.
3. Ukufaka izinombolo ngochungechunge oluyinhloko: Ukufaka izinombolo kuqala kusukela ekugcineni okuseduze neqembu le--OH ukuze i--OH ibe senombolo 2 yekhabhoni.
4. Ezinye izinto ezithatha indawo: Kukhona iqembu le-methyl (-CH₃) ku-carbon number 4.
Igama le-IUPAC: 4-methylhexane-2-ol
umbuzo 2
Nikeza igama le-IUPAC lale nhlanganisela elandelayo:
Ingxoxo:
1. Thola uchungechunge lwekhabhoni olude kakhulu oluhlanganisa iqembu eliyinhloko elisebenzayo: uchungechunge lwekhabhoni olude kakhulu lunama-athomu ayi-7.
2. Iqembu eliyinhloko elisebenzayo: Sithola iqembu le-carboxylic (i-carboxylic acid) ekugcineni kweketanga.
3. Ukufaka izinombolo ngochungechunge: Ukufaka izinombolo kuqala kusukela ekugcineni okuqukethe iqembu le-carboxylate.
4. Ezinye izinto ezithatha indawo: Kukhona iqembu le-ethyl (-C₂H₅) kunombolo yekhabhoni 3.
Igama le-IUPAC: 3-ethylheptanoate
umbuzo 3
Thola igama le-IUPAC lale nhlanganisela elandelayo:
Ingxoxo:
1. Thola uchungechunge lwekhabhoni olude kakhulu olune-insert enkulu kakhulu (uchungechunge lwesisekelo: ama-athomu ekhabhoni ama-5).
2. Iqembu eliyinhloko lokusebenza: Akukho okusekelwe kokubukwayo, gxila ezintweni ezithatha indawo.
3. Ukufaka izinombolo zeketanga kusukela ekugcineni okuseduze kakhulu ne-substituent eyinhloko.
4. Ezinye izinto ezithatha indawo: kukhona amaqembu e-chloro (-Cl) ezinombolweni ze-carbon 2 no-4.
Igama le-IUPAC: 2,4-dichloro-pentane
umbuzo 4
Igama le-IUPAC lale nhlanganisela elandelayo:
Ingxoxo:
1. Uchungechunge lwekhabhoni olude kakhulu (luqukethe ama-athomu amathathu ekhabhoni).
2. Iqembu eliyinhloko elisebenzayo: Iqembu lotshwala (-OH) kunombolo yekhabhoni 1.
3. Azikho ezinye izinto ezizothatha indawo yazo.
Igama le-IUPAC: propan-1-ol
umbuzo 5
Nikeza igama le-IUPAC lale nhlanganisela elandelayo ye-cyclic:
Ingxoxo:
1. Isakhiwo esiyisisekelo sokujikeleza: i-Cyclohexane (ama-athomu e-carbon ayi-6).
2. Amaqembu asebenzayo ayinhloko: Iqembu lotshwala (-OH) kunombolo yekhabhoni 1 kanye ne-ethyl kunombolo yekhabhoni 4.
3. Qamba ezinye izinto ezithatha indawo kumjikelezo.
Igama le-IUPAC: 4-ethyl-cyclohexanol
Imibuzo Engeziwe Yokuzijwayeza
Ukuze ujulise ukuqonda kwakho, nansi eminye imibuzo ongayizama:
1. Lithini igama le-IUPAC lale nhlanganisela elandelayo? CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-OH
2. Nikeza igama le-IUPAC: CH₃-CH₂-CHO
3. Thola igama le-IUPAC lale nhlanganisela elandelayo: CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-COOH
4. Lithini igama le-IUPAC lale nhlanganisela elandelayo? CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-COCl
5. Nikeza igama le-IUPAC le-cyclic compound: C₆H₆ nge-methyl substituent eyodwa (-CH₃).
Izisekelo Zokuqamba Amaqembu Ajwayelekile Okusebenza
1. Ama-Alkanes: Aqukethe kuphela izibopho ze-carbon-carbon (CC) σ.
2. Ama-Alkenes: Aqukethe okungenani isibopho esiphindwe kabili esisodwa (C=C).
3. Ama-Alkynes: Aqukethe okungenani isibopho esisodwa esiphindwe kathathu (C≡C).
4. Utshwala: Luqukethe iqembu elisebenzayo le-hydroxyl (-OH).
5. Ama-Aldehydes: Aqukethe iqembu le-formyl (-CHO).
6. I-Ketone: Iqukethe iqembu le-carbonyl (C=O) elizungezwe amaqembu amabili e-alkyl.
7. I-Carboxylic Acid: Iqukethe iqembu le-carboxyl (–COOH).
8. I-Ester: Iqukethe iqembu le-carbonyl (C=O) eliboshwe ku--OR.
Isiphetho
Ukuqonda ukuqanjwa kwamagama ahlanganisiwe e-organic kubalulekile ekukhulumisaneni okucacile nokugwema ukudideka ekufundeni i-chemistry. Ngokuzijwayeza ukuqanjwa kwala makhemikhali ngokwemithetho ye-IUPAC, singaqonda kalula futhi sihlukanise izinhlobo ezahlukene zamakhemikhali e-organic esihlangana nawo. Lesi sihloko siyindawo enhle yokuqala yokuphenya ngokujulile ezweni le-organic chemistry kanye nokuqanjwa kwamagama kwalo. Qhubeka uzijwayeza ngezinkinga ezahlukahlukene kanye nokuhlola ukuze ujulise ukuqonda kwakho.
