Imibuzo Yezibonelo Exoxa Ngesakhiwo Se-Atomic kanye Nethebula Lezinto Ezinezimo Ezivamile
I-Pendahuluan
Isakhiwo se-athomu kanye nethebula lezinto eziphindaphindwayo kuyimiqondo eyisisekelo kumakhemikhali eyakha isisekelo sokuqonda izakhiwo nokuziphatha kwezinto ezahlukene. Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ngezibonelo zezinkinga ezihlobene nesakhiwo se-athomu kanye nethebula lezinto eziphindaphindwayo, kanye nokuxoxa ngazo ngokuningiliziwe.
Isakhiwo se-Athomu
Isibonelo Umbuzo 1: Ukucushwa kwe-Electron
Umbuzo: Thola ukucushwa kwe-electron kwe-athomu ye-Calcium (Ca) enenombolo ye-athomu engu-20.
Ingxoxo:
I-calcium inenombolo ye-athomu engu-20, okusho ukuthi inama-electron angu-20. Ukuze sinqume ukwakheka kwayo kwama-electron, sidinga ukusabalalisa ama-electron ngokwesimiso se-Aufbau, esigcwalisa ama-orbital kusukela ezingeni eliphansi kakhulu lamandla kuya ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu lamandla.
1. 1s^2 (ama-electron amabili)
2. 2s^2 (ama-electron amabili)
3. 2p^6 (ama-electron angu-6)
4. 3s^2 (ama-electron amabili)
5. 3p^6 (ama-electron angu-6)
6. 4s^2 (ama-electron amabili)
Ngakho-ke, ukwakheka kwe-electron ye-Calcium (Ca) kungu-1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^2.
Isibonelo Umbuzo 2: Izinombolo ze-Quantum
Umbuzo: Thola inani lenombolo ye-quantum ye-electron yokugcina ku-athomu ye-Oxygen (O) enenombolo ye-athomu engu-8.
Ingxoxo:
I-oksijini inenombolo ye-athomu engu-8, ngakho-ke ukwakheka kwayo kwe-electron kungokulandelayo:
1s^2 2s^2 2p^4
I-electron yokugcina ku-oxygen ikwi-orbital engu-2p. Sidinga ukuthola inombolo ye-quantum yale electron:
– Inombolo ye-quantum eyinhloko (n): 2 (ngoba isesigodweni sesibili)
– Inombolo ye-quantum ye-Azimuthal (l): 1 (ngenxa ye-p orbital)
– Inombolo ye-quantum yamagnetic (m_l): -1, 0, +1 (i-p orbit ingaba nezindlela ezintathu)
– Inombolo ye-spin quantum (m_s): +1/2 noma -1/2 (ama-electron angaba nokuqondiswa okubili kokujikeleza)
Ku-electron yokugcina ku-2p^4, ama-electron agcwaliswa ngokomthetho kaHund, ngakho-ke azohlala kwenye yezindlela zokuma kwe-m_l. Isibonelo, ku-m_l = 0, izinombolo ze-quantum yilezi:
– n = 2
– l = 1
– m_l = 0
– m_s = +1/2 noma -1/2 (kuye ngokuthi i-electron ijikeleza kanjani)
Ithebula Lezinto Ezinezikhathi Ezivamile
Isibonelo Umbuzo 3: Izakhiwo Zezinto Ezivamile
Umbuzo: Qhathanisa usayizi wama-athomu e-sodium (Na) ne-chlorine (Cl) bese unikeza isizathu somehluko ngobukhulu.
Ingxoxo:
I-sodium ne-chlorine kusesikhathini esifanayo (isikhathi sesi-3) kodwa kumaqembu ahlukene:
– UNa useqenjini 1
– U-Cl useqenjini le-17
Usayizi we-athomu (irediyasi ye-athomu) wehla kusukela kwesobunxele kuya kwesokudla phakathi nesikhathi ngoba ukwanda kweshaja yenuzi (ama-proton amaningi) kubangela ukudonsa okunamandla kuma-electron egobolondweni elifanayo. Lokhu kubangela ukuthi amagobolondo e-electron adonswe eduze kwe-nucleus.
Ngakho-ke, ubukhulu be-athomu ye-sodium (Na) bukhulu kunobe-chlorine (Cl) ngoba i-Na itholakala ekuqaleni kwale nkathi. Ngamanye amazwi, ama-electron e-valence ka-Na ahlukaniswe kakhulu kunalawo e-Cl, ngakho-ke i-Na ine-radius enkulu ye-athomu.
Isibonelo Umbuzo 4: Inombolo Yokuxova
Umbuzo: Thola inombolo ye-oxidation yesakhi se-sulfur ku-H2SO4.
Ingxoxo:
Ukuze sithole inani le-oxidation le-sulfur ku-sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), silandela imithetho yokunquma izinombolo ze-oxidation:
– I-Hydrogen (H) ngokuvamile inenombolo ye-oxidation engu-+1.
– I-oksijini (O) ngokuvamile inenombolo ye-oxidation engu--2.
Ake sicabange ukuthi inani le-oxidation le-sulphur ku-H₂SO₄ lingu-x. Khona-ke ngokomthetho inani eliphelele lezinombolo ze-oxidation ku-molecule eyodwa kumele lilingane nenani eliphelele le-molecule (elingathathi hlangothi lingu-0):
Inani:
2(H) + 1(S) + 4(O) = 2(+1) + x + 4(-2) = 2 + x – 8 = 0
Ukubala u-x:
2 + x – 8 = 0
x - 6 = 0
x = +6
Ngakho-ke, inani le-oxidation le-sulfur (S) ku-H₂SO₄ lingu-+6.
Ukusabela Kwamakhemikhali
Isibonelo Umbuzo 5: Ukusabela kabusha
Umbuzo: Kungani i-fluorine (F) isebenza kakhulu kune-chlorine (Cl)?
Ingxoxo:
Ukusabela kwama-halogen (iqembu 17) kuvame ukwehla ngokwanda kwenani lama-athomu. I-Fluorine isabela kakhulu kune-chlorine ngezizathu eziningana ezihlobene nesakhiwo sama-athomu:
1. Amandla Okufaka Ionization:
I-Fluorine inamandla aphezulu e-ionization kune-chlorine, okusho ukuthi kulula ngama-athomu e-fluorine ukuheha ama-electron avela kwamanye ama-athomu.
2. Ukuhlangana kwe-Electron:
I-Fluorine ine-affinity ephezulu kakhulu yama-electron, okusho ukuthi ivame ukuthola ama-electron kalula kune-chlorine.
3. Usayizi we-Athomu:
I-Fluorine inosayizi we-athomu omncane kune-chlorine. Ama-electron e-valence ku-fluorine aseduze ne-nucleus, ngakho-ke ukukhangwa kwama-electron amasha nge-electrostatic kukhulu.
Ngakho-ke, lezi zici ezintathu zihlangene zandisa ikhono le-fluorine lokuxhumana nezinye izinto, okwenza ukuthi isebenze kakhulu kune-chlorine.
Isiphetho
Ukuqonda isakhiwo se-athomu kanye nethebula lezinto eziphindaphindwayo kubalulekile kumakhemikhali. Kulesi sihloko, simboze izinkinga ezahlukahlukene zezibonelo kanye nezincazelo ezinemininingwane. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukucushwa kwama-electron, izinombolo ze-quantum, izakhiwo ze-periodic zezinto, izinombolo ze-oxidation, kanye nokusebenza kwamakhemikhali. Ngokuqonda kahle le mibono, singaziqonda kangcono izakhiwo kanye nokuziphatha kwezinto ezahlukene endaweni yonke.
