Imibuzo eyisibonelo exoxa ngezakhiwo eziphikisanayo zezixazululo
Izakhiwo zezixazululo ezihlanganisiwe ziyizakhiwo ezincike kuphela enanini lezinhlayiya ezihlanganisiwe esixazululweni, hhayi ohlotsheni noma uhlobo lwe-solute. Kunezinhlobo ezine eziyinhloko zezakhiwo ze-colligative: ukwehlisa ingcindezi yomhwamuko, ukuphakama kwephuzu lokubila, ukucindezeleka kwephuzu lokuqandisa, kanye nengcindezi ye-osmotic. Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ngezinkinga eziningana zezibonelo futhi sixoxe ngezakhiwo zezixazululo ezihlanganisiwe.
1. Ukwehla Kokucindezela Komusi (Umthetho KaRaoult)
Isibonelo sezinkinga:
Ncibilikisa amagremu angu-18 e-urea (NH2CONH2) kumagremu angu-200 amanzi. Kuyini ukwehla komfutho womusi wesisombululo uma umfutho womusi wamanzi ahlanzekile ekushiseni okuthile ungama-23.8 mmHg? (Isisindo se-molar se-urea = 60 g/mol)
Ingxoxo:
Ukuze sibale ukwehla kwengcindezi yomhwamuko, kumelwe sibale ingxenye ye-mole ye-solute.
1. Bala inani lama-moles e-urea:
\[
\text{Inani lama-moles e-urea} = \frac{18 \text{ g}}{60 \text{ g/mol}} = 0.3 \text{ mol}
\]
2. Bala inani lama-moles amanzi:
\[
\text{Molar mass of water} = 18 \text{g/mol}
\]
\[
\text{Inani lama-moles amanzi} = \frac{200 \text{g}}{18 \text{g/mol}} = 11.11 \text{mol}
\]
3. Bala ingxenye ye-mole ye-solute:
\[
x_{\text{urea}} = \frac{0.3 \text{ mol}}{0.3 \text{ mol} + 11.11 \text{ mol}} = 0.0265
\]
4. Ukwehla komfutho womusi:
\[
\Delta P = P_0 \cdot x_{\text{urea}} = 23.8 \text{ mmHg} \times 0.0265 = 0.63 \text{ mmHg}
\]
2. Ukuphakama Kwendawo Ebilayo
Isibonelo sezinkinga:
Lingakanani izinga lokubilisa lesisombululo esiqukethe i-1 mol NaCl/kg yamanzi? I-Kf yamanzi ingu-0.52 °C/m2.
Ingxoxo:
I-NaCl esixazululweni ihlukana ibe ama-ion amabili (Na+ kanye ne-Cl-), ngakho-ke i-van 't Hoff factor (i) ingu-2.
1. Bala ubuningi besisombululo (m):
\[
m = \frac{1 \text{ mol}}{1 \text{ kg}} = 1 \text{ m}
\]
2. Ukuphakama kwephuzu lokubila:
\[
\Delta T_b = i \cdot K_b \cdot m = 2 \cdot 0.52 \text{ °C/m} \cdot 1 \text{ m} = 1.04 \text{ °C}
\]
Ngakho-ke, ukwanda kwephuzu lokubilisa lesisombululo kungu-1.04 °C.
3. Ukucindezeleka Kwamaphuzu Okuqandisa
Isibonelo sezinkinga:
Bala ukwehla kwephuzu lokuqandisa kwesisombululo esiqukethe i-0.5 mol ye-glucose (C6H12O6)/kg yamanzi. I-Kf yamanzi ingu-1.86 °C/m2.
Ingxoxo:
I-glucose ayihlukani nesisombululo, ngakho-ke i-van 't Hoff factor (i) ingu-1.
1. Bala ubuningi besisombululo (m):
\[
m = \frac{0.5 \text{ mol}}{1 \text{ kg}} = 0.5 \text{ m}
\]
2. Ukucindezeleka kwezindawo zokuqandisa:
\[
\Delta T_f = i \cdot K_f \cdot m = 1 \cdot 1.86 \text{ °C/m} \cdot 0.5 \text{ m} = 0.93 \text{ °C}
\]
Ngakho-ke, ukwehla kwephuzu lokubanda kwesisombululo kungu-0.93 °C.
4. Ukucindezela kwe-Osmotic
Isibonelo sezinkinga:
Bala ingcindezi ye-osmotic yesisombululo se-urea esingu-0.1 M ku-27 °C. (R = 0.0821 L·atm/K·mol)
Ingxoxo:
Ingcindezi ye-Osmotic (\(\pi\)) ingabalwa kusetshenziswa ifomula:
\[
\pi = MRT
\]
1. Guqula izinga lokushisa libe yi-Kelvin:
\[
T = 27 \umbhalo{°C} + 273.15 = 300.15 \umbhalo{K}
\]
2. Bala ingcindezi ye-osmotic:
\[
\pi = 0.1 \umbhalo{ M} \izikhathi 0.0821 \umbhalo{ L·atm/K·mol} \izikhathi 300.15 \umbhalo{ K}
\]
\[
\pi = 2.461 \umbhalo{atm}
\]
Ngakho-ke, ingcindezi ye-osmotic yesisombululo ingu-2.461 atm.
Isiphetho
Izakhiwo zezixazululo ezihambisanayo zinikeza ukuqonda okulula kodwa okunamandla kokuthi izixazululo ziziphatha kanjani ngokusekelwe enanini lezinhlayiya ezincibilikayo. Ngezibonelo ezingenhla, singaqonda ukuthi singabala kanjani ukwehlisa ingcindezi yomhwamuko, ukuphakama kwephuzu lokubila, ukucindezeleka kwephuzu lokuqandisa, kanye nengcindezi ye-osmotic yesisombululo. Ngethemba ukuthi lezi zincazelo nezibonelo ziyasiza ekuqondeni umqondo wezakhiwo zezixazululo ezihambisanayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwazo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, izinqubo zezimboni, kanye nocwaningo lwesayensi.
