Imibuzo Yesibonelo Ekhuluma Ngokupholisha Komoya
I-condensation polymerization uhlobo lokusabela kwe-polymerization olukhiqiza ama-polymer ngokuxhumanisa ama-monomers ngokususwa kwama-molecule amancane, njengamanzi, i-methanol, noma i-HCl. Le nqubo idlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kwezinto ezahlukahlukene ze-polymer ezisetshenziswa ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola izibonelo futhi sixoxe nge-condensation polymerization ukuze sijulise ukuqonda kwethu lo mqondo.
Isingeniso ku-Condensation Polymerization
Ngaphambi kokuba singene emibuzweni, ake sibheke kabanzi i-condensation polymerization. I-condensation polymerization inqubo yokwakheka kwe-polymer ngokusabela kwama-monomer amabili noma ngaphezulu aqukethe amaqembu asebenzayo, ngokuvamile ngokususwa kwama-molecule amancane njengamanzi njengomkhiqizo ophumayo. I-polymer ephumelayo inesisindo sama-molecule esiphezulu kakhulu kune-monomers. Izibonelo ezivamile ze-condensation polymerization ukwakheka kwama-polyester nama-polyamides.
Izibonelo zama-polymers avela ku-Condensation Polymerization
1. I-Polyester: Yakhiwe ngokusabela kwe-terephthalic acid (benzene-dicarboxylate) ne-ethylene glycol. Isibonelo somkhiqizo: I-PET (i-polyethylene terephthalate).
2. I-Polyamide (i-Nylon): Yakhiwe ngokusabela kwe-adipic acid ne-hexamethylene diamine. Isibonelo somkhiqizo: i-Nylon-66.
3. I-Polycarbonate: Yakhiwe ngokusabela phakathi kwe-bisphenol A ne-phosgene.
Imibuzo Yesibonelo Ekhuluma Ngokupholisha Komoya
Ngezansi kunezibonelo zemibuzo nezingxoxo ezingakusiza ukuthi uqonde inqubo ye-condensation polymerization.
Umbuzo 1: Ukwakheka kwe-Polyester
Umbuzo: Chaza ukusabela okwakha i-polyester kusuka ku-ethylene glycol kanye ne-terephthalic acid. Dweba isakhiwo se-polymer ephumayo bese ubala isisindo sama-molecule esihlobene sengxenye encane kakhulu ye-polymer.
Ingxoxo:
I-polyester yakhiwa ngokusabela kokujiya phakathi kwe-ethylene glycol (CH₂OH-CH₂OH) kanye ne-terephthalic acid (C₆H₄(COOH)₂).
Lokhu kusabela kokwakheka kungabhalwa kanje:
\[ n \, (\text{CH}_2\text{OH-CH}_2\text{OH}) + n \, (\text{C}_6\text{H}_4(\text{COOH})_2) \rightarrow (\text{O}-\text{C}_6\text{H}_4-\text{COO}-\text{CH}_2-\text{CH}_2-\text{O})_n + 2n\, \text{H}_2\text{O} \]
Ukwakheka kwale polyester kukhiqiza amanzi njengomkhiqizo olandelanayo. Ukuze sithole isakhiwo esiyisisekelo se-polyester, sidinga ukubheka ingxenye ephindaphindayo yeketanga le-polymer:
Isakhiwo esiyisisekelo se-PET (i-Polyethylene Terephthalate):
\[
\umbhalo{-O-}\umbhalo{C}_6\umbhalo{H}_4\umbhalo{-COO-CH}_2\umbhalo{-CH}_2\umbhalo{-}
\]
Isisindo sama-molecule esihlobene seyunithi encane kunazo zonke ye-polyester singabalwa kanje:
– Isisindo sama-molecule angu--CH₂-CH₂-O- (i-ethylene glycol engenayo i-H₂O): 60 g/mol
– Isisindo sama-molecule se--COO- (iqembu le-ester): 44 g/mol
– Isisindo sama-molecule e-C₆H₄ (i-benzene ngaphandle kwe-H₂O): 76 g/mol
Isamba sezinqwaba zama-molecule ezingxenyeni ezincane kakhulu:
\[
60 + 44 + 76 = 180 \, \text{g/mol}
\]
Umbuzo 2: Ukwakheka kwe-Polyamide (i-Nylon-6,6)
Umbuzo: Chaza inqubo yokwakha i-Nylon-6,6 ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kwe-condensation polymerization kwe-adipic acid kanye ne-hexamethylene diamine. Faka isakhiwo seyunithi eyisisekelo se-Nylon-6,6 bese ubala isisindo sama-molecule esihlobene seyunithi encane kunazo zonke.
Ingxoxo:
I-Nylon-6,6 yakhiwa ngenxa yokusabela kokujiya phakathi kwe-adipic acid (HOOC-(CH₂)₄-COOH) kanye ne-hexamethylene diamine (H₂N-(CH₂)₆-NH₂).
Ukusabela kokwakheka yilokhu:
\[ n \, (\umbhalo{HOOC-(CH}_2\umbhalo{)}_4\umbhalo{ -COOH}) + n \, (\umbhalo{H}_2\umbhalo{N-(CH}_2\umbhalo{)}_6\umbhalo{ -NH}_2) \umcibisholo ongakwesokudla (\umbhalo{-NH-(CH}_2\umbhalo{)}_6\umbhalo{-NH-CO-(CH}_2\umbhalo{)}_4\umbhalo{-CO-})_n + 2n \, \umbhalo{H}_2\umbhalo{O} \]
Isakhiwo esiyisisekelo se-Nylon-6,6:
\[
\text{-NH-(CH}_2\text{)}_6\text{-NH-CO-(CH}_2\text{)}_4\text{-CO-}
\]
Isisindo sama-molecule esihlobene seyunithi encane kunazo zonke:
– Isisindo sama-molecule angu--NH-(CH₂)₆-NH- (hexamethylene diamine minus H₂O): 114 g/mol
– Isisindo sama-molecule se--CO-(CH₂)₄-CO- (i-adipic acid ngaphandle kwe-H₂O): 142 g/mol
Isamba sezinqwaba zama-molecule ezingxenyeni ezincane kakhulu:
\[
114 + 142 = 256 \, \text{g/mol}
\]
Umbuzo 3: I-Polycarbonate
Umbuzo: Ukusabela kwe-bisphenol A kanye ne-phosgene kwakha kanjani i-polycarbonate? Dweba isakhiwo esiyisisekelo se-polycarbonate bese ubala isisindo sama-molecule esihlobene seyunithi encane kakhulu.
Ingxoxo:
I-Polycarbonate yakhiwa ngokusabela phakathi kwe-bisphenol A (C₁₅H₁₆O₂) kanye ne-phosgene (COCl₂).
Ukusabela kokwakheka kungabhalwa kanje:
n + 2n \, \umbhalo{HCl} \]
Isakhiwo esiyisisekelo se-Polycarbonate:
\[
\text{-O-CO-OC}_6\text{H}_4\text{C}(\text{CH}_3)_2\text{C}_6\text{H}_4\text{O}-
\]
Isisindo sama-molecule esihlobene seyunithi encane kunazo zonke:
– Isisindo sama-molecule e-C₆H₄-C(CH₃)₂-C₆H₄ (i-bisphenol A ngaphandle kwe-H₂O): 224 g/mol
– Isisindo sama-molecule se--COO-: 28 g/mol
Isamba sezinqwaba zama-molecule ezingxenyeni ezincane kakhulu:
\[
224 + 28 = 252 \, \text{g/mol}
\]
Isiphetho
Kulesi sihloko, sixoxe ngomqondo we-condensation polymerization, sihlanganisa ukusabela okuyisisekelo kanye nezakhiwo zama-polymer athile aziwayo akhiqizwa yile nqubo. Ngokunikeza izibonelo nezingxoxo, lesi sihloko sihlose ukucacisa ukuthi lokhu kusabela kusebenza kanjani nokuthi singabala kanjani ubuningi bama-molecule obuhlobene bamayunithi amancane kakhulu ku-polymer chain. Ukuqonda okuhle kwe-condensation polymerization kubalulekile ngoba le nqubo isetshenziswa kabanzi embonini ukudala izinto ezahlukahlukene ezinezakhiwo ezihlukile kanye nohlu olubanzi lwezicelo.
