Imibuzo Nengxoxo Yesibonelo Se-Polymer
I. Isingeniso
Ama-polymer ayizinto zamakhemikhali ezinezakhiwo ezinkulu zama-molecule ezakhiwe ngamayunithi amancane aphindaphindayo abizwa ngokuthi ama-monomers. Ama-polymer angatholakala ngezindlela ezahlukene futhi asetshenziswa ezicini eziningi zokuphila kwansuku zonke, kusukela kumapulasitiki nerabha kuya kumaprotheni ne-DNA emzimbeni womuntu. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola izibonelo eziningana zezinkinga mayelana nama-polymer futhi sinikeze izixazululo zenkinga ngayinye ukusiza ukuqonda lo mqondo oyinkimbinkimbi.
II. Imiqondo Eyisisekelo Yama-Polymers
Ngaphambi kokuba singene engxoxweni yemibuzo, kunemiqondo eminingana eyisisekelo okumele iqondwe:
1. Ama-Monomers kanye ne-Polymerization: Ama-Monomers ayiyunithi eyisisekelo eyakha ama-polymer ngenqubo ye-polymerization. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko ze-polymerization: ukwengeza kanye nokufinyela.
2. Isakhiwo se-Polymer: Ama-Polymer angaba aqondile, ahlanganiswe ngamagatsha, noma axhumene.
3. Izinhlobo zama-polymer: Ama-thermoplastic, ama-thermoset, nama-elastomers, ngalinye lawo linezakhiwo ezihlukile zomzimba nezokushisa.
III. Imibuzo Eyisibonelo Nengxoxo
Umbuzo 1: Chaza umehluko phakathi kokuhlanganiswa kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwe-polymerization, bese unikeza isibonelo esisodwa salokho ngakunye.
Ingxoxo:
– Ukwengeza i-polymerization: Inqubo lapho ama-monomer aqukethe ama-double bond ebophana khona ngaphandle kokwakheka kwe-molecule encane. Isibonelo ukwakheka kwe-polyethylene kusuka kuma-ethylene monomers.
– Ukwakheka kwe-condensation polymerization: Inqubo lapho ama-monomers ehlangana khona ngokususa i-molecule encane efana namanzi noma i-methanol. Isibonelo sokwakheka kwe-condensation polymerization ukwakheka kwe-nylon kusuka ku-adipic acid kanye ne-hexamethylenediamine, lapho amanzi kuyi-molecule encane esuswayo.
Umbuzo 2: Ayini ama-polymer e-thermoplastic kanye ne-thermoset? Nikeza izibonelo.
Ingxoxo:
– Ama-polymer e-Thermoplastic: Ama-polymer athambisayo uma eshiswa futhi aqine uma epholile. Lokhu kuvumela ukuthi aphinde abumbeke kaningi. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi i-polyethylene, i-polystyrene, kanye ne-PVC.
– Ama-polymer e-thermosetting: Ama-polymer, uma esebunjiwe, awakwazi ukuncibilikiswa futhi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuba khona kwezibopho ezixhumene njalo. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi i-Bakelite ne-epoxy.
Umbuzo 3: I-polymer inochungechunge lwekhabhoni oluqondile olune-chlorine atom substituents kuyo yonke iketanga lekhabhoni lesibili. Khomba i-polymer bese uchaza ukuthi izakhiwo zayo zomzimba ziqhathaniswa kanjani neze-polyethylene.
Ingxoxo:
I-polymer echazwe yi-polyvinyl chloride (PVC). I-PVC yenziwe nge-vinyl chloride, kanti izinto ezithatha indawo ye-chlorine ziyenza iqine futhi imelane kakhulu namafutha namakhemikhali kune-polyethylene. Lokhu kwenza i-PVC imelane kakhulu nomlilo futhi ibe nzima kune-polyethylene ngenxa yama-athomu e-chlorine asindayo.
Umbuzo 4: Ama-polymer emvelo njengerabha (ama-elastomer) angadlula ekuvuvukeni. Chaza inqubo yokuvuvukeni kanye nomphumela wayo ezimpahleni zomzimba zerabha.
Ingxoxo:
I-Vulcanization inqubo yokushisa irabha ngesibabule. Lokhu kudala ukuxhumana phakathi kwamaketanga e-polymer, okwenza irabha ibe nokunwebeka kakhudlwana, iqine, futhi imelane nokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa. Le nqubo yandisa ukumelana nokuguguleka nokuguguleka, okwenza irabha iqine kakhudlwana ezisetshenziswa ezimbonini ezifana namathayi ezimoto.
Umbuzo 5: Bala inani lamayunithi aphindaphindayo (izinga le-polymerization) le-polyethylene enesisindo sama-molecule esimaphakathi esingu-28.000 g/mol. Isisindo sama-molecule se-ethylene monomer singama-28 g/mol.
Ingxoxo:
Izinga le-polymerization (n) lingabalwa kusetshenziswa ifomula:
\[ n = \frac{\text{Isisindo sama-molecule se-polymer}}{\text{Isisindo sama-molecule se-monomer}} \]
\[ n = \frac{28000 \, \text{g/mol}}{28 \, \text{g/mol}} = 1000 \]
Ngakho-ke, i-polymer inamayunithi aphindaphindayo angaba yi-1000.
IV. Isiphetho
Izingxoxo mayelana nama-polymer zingahlanganisa izihloko eziningi, kusukela esakhiweni sawo esiyisisekelo kanye nezinhlobo zawo kuya ezimpahleni zawo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Ngemibuzo nezingxoxo, kungaphethwa ngokuthi ama-polymer ayizinto zamakhemikhali eziyinkimbinkimbi ezidlala indima ebalulekile ezimbonini ezahlukene kanye ne-biology. Ngokuqonda okujulile ngezakhiwo zawo kanye nezinqubo zokwakheka, singaqonda kangcono ukuthi singawenza kanjani ngcono ukusetshenziswa kwawo ezinhlelweni ezahlukene zobuchwepheshe nezesayensi. Ama-polymer ayaqhubeka nokuba yindawo esebenzayo yocwaningo lokuthuthukiswa kwezinto ezingcono nezinobungane nemvelo.
