Imibuzo Eyisibonelo Exoxa Ngokuthuthuka Kwenkolelo-mbono Yokuziphendukela Kwemvelo
I-Pendahuluan
Ithiyori yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ingenye yezinkolelo-mbono zesayensi ezibaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni imvelaphi kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokuphila eMhlabeni. Kusukela yethulwa nguCharles Darwin ngekhulu le-19, le thiyori iye yathuthukiswa futhi yathuthukiswa kaningi. Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ngemibuzo eyisibonelo kanye nezingxoxo ezihlobene nokuthuthukiswa kwethiyori yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, okuhlanganisa imiqondo eyisisekelo, izibalo ezibalulekile, kanye nokutholakele okusekela le thiyori.
1. Imiqondo Eyisisekelo Yombono Wokuziphendukela Kwemvelo
Ithiyori yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ichaza ngokuyisisekelo ukuthi izinhlobo zishintsha kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngokusebenzisa izindlela zokukhetha kwemvelo, ukushintshashintsha kwezakhi zofuzo, ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo, ukufuduka, kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo. Omunye wemibono eyinhloko yale thiyori “ukusinda kwezilwane ezinamandla,” okuchaza indlela abantu abanezici ezivumelana kangcono nendawo abahlala kuyo abavame ukuba nabantwana abaningi ngayo.
Umbuzo: Chaza umqondo wokukhethwa kwemvelo nokuthi unegalelo kanjani ekuguqukeni kwezinhlobo.
Ingxoxo: Ukukhetha kwemvelo inqubo lapho abantu abanezimpawu ezinhle kakhulu bevame ukusinda futhi bazalane ngaphezu kwabantu abangafaneleki kahle endaweni yabo. Lokhu kuholela ekushintsheni kancane kancane kokuvama kwezici ezithile emphakathini ngezizukulwane. Isibonelo, endaweni yokuhlala enezilwane eziningi ezidla ezinye izilwane, izilwane ezinokuzifihla kangcono zingase ziphile isikhathi eside ngoba kunzima ukuzibona, ngakho-ke, cishe zizozala futhi zidlulisele lezo zici ebantwaneni bazo.
2. UCharles Darwin no-Alfred Russel Wallace
UCharles Darwin no-Alfred Russel Wallace babengososayensi ababili abathuthukisa ngokuzimela inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngokukhetha kwemvelo. Nakuba uDarwin aziwa kakhulu ngomsebenzi wakhe othi “On the Origin of Species,” uWallace naye wadlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwasekuqaleni kwale nkolelo-mbono.
Umbuzo: Yimiphi umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwemibono kaDarwin nekaWallace ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo?
Ingxoxo: Omunye umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwemibono kaDarwin noWallace usekwamukeleni kwabo izindlela zokuziphendukela kwemvelo. UDarwin wagcizelela kakhulu ukukhetha kwemvelo njengendlela eyinhloko yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kuyilapho uWallace ecabangela nezinye izithonya ezifana nokukhetha ngokocansi kanye nokuzivumelanisa ngqo nemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uWallace wabuza ukuthi ukukhetha kwemvelo kungachaza kangakanani imvelo yomuntu, okuhlanganisa namakhono engqondo nangokomoya.
3. Ubufakazi Bokuziphendukela Kwemvelo
Kunobufakazi obuningi besayensi obusekela inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, okuhlanganisa irekhodi lezinsalela, ukusatshalaliswa kwezinhlobo ngokwezindawo, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwe-DNA. Irekhodi lezinsalela, isibonelo, libonisa izinguquko kancane kancane esimweni nasesimweni sezinto eziphilayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Umbuzo: Umlando wezinsalela uyisekela kanjani inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo?
Ingxoxo: Umlando wezinsalela unikeza ubufakazi obuqondile bokuphila kwangaphambilini futhi ukhombisa ukuthi izinhlobo zokuphila zishintshe kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Izinsalela zisebenza njengombhalo ongokoqobo wezinto eziphilayo eziphelile, okhombisa ukuguquka kancane kancane esakhiweni somzimba futhi okhombisa uhlu lwezinhlobo ezikhona namuhla. Isibonelo, izinsalela zokuguquka kusuka ezinhlanzini kuya eziphila emanzini nasemanzini zibonisa ushintsho oluhamba kancane kusuka ezimpilweni zasolwandle kuya ezimpilweni ezihlala emhlabeni, okusekela umqondo wokuthi izinhlobo zingashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kanye nezimo zemvelo.
4. Ukuthuthukiswa Kwemfundiso Yokuziphendukela Kwemvelo Ekhulwini Lama-20 Nelama-21
Njengoba isayensi ithuthuka, inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo iye yathuthukiswa ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ukutholakala kwezakhi zofuzo kanye ne-DNA kuholele ekuqondeni okujulile ukuthi ushintsho lwenzeka kanjani ezingeni lama-molecule.
Umbuzo: Ukutholakala kwezakhi zofuzo kuyiqinisa kanjani inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo?
Ingxoxo: Ukutholakala kwezakhi zofuzo, ikakhulukazi isakhiwo se-DNA nguJames Watson noFrancis Crick, kwanikeza isisekelo sama-molecule sombono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ngokuqonda ukuthi izakhi zofuzo zizuzwa kanjani futhi zidlula kanjani ekuguqulweni, ososayensi bangachaza izindlela ezisekela ukuhlukahluka kwabantu nokuthi izici ezithile zithandwa kanjani ukukhethwa kwemvelo. Ukuhlukahluka kwezakhi zofuzo okubangelwa ukuguqulwa, ukuhlanganiswa kabusha, kanye nokushintsha kwezakhi zofuzo kuchaza nokuthi abantu bangazivumelanisa kanjani nezinguquko zemvelo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
5. Ukugxekwa Nokuhunyushwa Kabi
Naphezu kokusekelwa ubufakazi obuqinile besayensi, inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ivame ukuba yindaba yokungaqondi kahle nokugxekwa, kokubili ngokombono wesayensi nowenkolo.
Umbuzo: Yikuphi ukungaqondi okuvamile mayelana nenkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, futhi ingalungiswa kanjani?
Ingxoxo: Umbono ovamile ongalungile mayelana nombono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo umqondo wokuthi abantu bavela ezinkawini zanamuhla. Umbono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo empeleni uthi abantu nezinye izilwane zasendulo babelana ngokhokho ofanayo owaphila eminyakeni eyizigidi edlule. Ngakho-ke, abantu “abavelanga ezinkawini” kodwa babelana ngozalo olufanayo. Ukuze kucaciswe lo mbono ongalungile, kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kuyinqubo ekhombisa ushintsho lwabantu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi ayichazi inqubo yendlela eyodwa ukusuka kolunye uhlobo iye kolunye.
Isiphetho
Ithiyori yokuziphendukela kwemvelo iwuhlaka oluphelele lwesayensi lokuqonda izinguquko ekuphileni eMhlabeni. Ngokukhethwa kwemvelo, ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo, kanye nezinye izindlela ezahlukene, izinhlobo ziyaguquka futhi zivumelane nezimo ezishintshayo. Naphezu kokugxekwa kanye nemibono eyiphutha, ubufakazi obuvela emikhakheni eyahlukene yesayensi buyaqhubeka nokusekela le thiyori. Ngokuqonda intuthuko yethiyori yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye neminikelo yososayensi, singakuqonda kangcono ubunzima bokuphila kanye nezinqubo zemvelo ezibumba izinto eziphilayo kule planethi.
