Imibuzo Yezibonelo kanye Nengxoxo Yokunciphisa Ukucindezeleka Komusi Wezixazululo
Ukwehla komfutho womusi wesisombululo (Ukucindezeleka Komhwamuko) kuyisici esihambisanayo sezixazululo, esincike kuphela enanini lezinhlayiya ezincibilikisiwe hhayi esimweni samakhemikhali salezo zinhlayiya. Ukuze kube lula ukuqonda, sizoxoxa ngalo mqondo ngezibonelo eziningana kanye nezingxoxo ezinemininingwane.
Umqondo Oyisisekelo Wokwehla Kokucindezela Komusi
Uma into eguquguqukayo incibilikiswa ku-solvent ukuze kwakheke isixazululo, ingcindezi yomhwamuko wesisombululo ivame ukuba ngaphansi kwengcindezi yomhwamuko we-solvent emsulwa ekushiseni okufanayo. Lesi simo saziwa ngokuthi ukwehlisa ingcindezi yomhwamuko. Imbangela eyinhloko yale nqubo ukuba khona kwezinhlayiya ezincibilikayo, okunciphisa amathuba okuthi ama-molecule e-solvent angene esigabeni segesi, ngaleyo ndlela ehlisa ingcindezi yomhwamuko.
Lokhu kwehla komfutho womusi kungabalwa kusetshenziswa ifomula:
\[ \Delta P = P^\umbhalo{0} – P \]
Di mana:
– \( \Delta P \) ukwehla komfutho womusi.
– \( P^\text{0} \) umfutho womusi we-solvent emsulwa.
– \( P \) ukucindezela komhwamuko wesisombululo.
Ukwehla kwengcindezi yomhwamuko kungabonakaliswa kusetshenziswa i-equation kaRaoult kanje:
\[ \Delta P = x_{\text{solute}} \cdot P^\text{0} \]
Di mana:
– \( x_{\text{solute}} \) ingxenye ye-mole ye-solute.
Ngezibonelo ezilandelayo, ake sithi sine-solvent emsulwa kanye ne-solutes ezahlukahlukene ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile.
Isibonelo Umbuzo 1
Umbuzo:
Ake sithi sinesixazululo esiqukethe amagremu ayi-10 e-urea (NH2CONH2) ancibilikiswe kumagremu angama-90 amanzi. Umfutho womhwamuko wamanzi ahlanzekile ekushiseni okuthile ungu-23.76 mmHg. Bala umfutho womhwamuko wesisombululo.
Ingxoxo:
Isinyathelo 1: Bala inani lama-moles e-urea namanzi.
– Isisindo se-molar se-urea (NH\(_2\)CONH\(_2\)): 60 g/mol.
– Inani lama-moles e-urea:
\[ \text{mol urea} = \frac{10\text{ g}}{60\text{ g/mol}} = 0.167 \text{ mol} \]
– Isisindo samanzi esinama-molar (H\(_2\)O): 18 g/mol.
– Inani lama-moles amanzi:
\[ \text{moles of water} = \frac{90\text{ g}}{18\text{ g/mol}} = 5 \text{ mol} \]
Isinyathelo 2: Bala ingxenye ye-mole ye-urea.
\[ x_{\text{urea}} = \frac{\text{mole urea}}{\text{mole urea} + \text{mole water}} = \frac{0.167}{0.167 + 5} = 0.0326 \]
Isinyathelo 3: Bala ukwehla kwengcindezi yomhwamuko.
\[ \Delta P = x_{\text{urea}} \cdot P^\text{0}_{\text{air}} \]
\[ \Delta P = 0.0326 \cdot 23.76 \text{ mmHg} = 0.774 \text{ mmHg} \]
Isinyathelo 4: Bala umfutho womusi wesisombululo.
\[ P_{\text{solution}} = P^\text{0}_{\text{water}} – \Delta P \]
\[ P_{\text{solution}} = 23.76 \text{ mmHg} – 0.774 \text{ mmHg} = 22.986 \text{ mmHg} \]
Isibonelo Umbuzo 2
Umbuzo:
Isixazululo silungiswa ngokuncibilikisa u-58.5 g we-sodium chloride (NaCl) ku-200 g wamanzi. Bala ukwehla komfutho womoya ku-50°C lapho umfutho womoya wamanzi ahlanzekile ungama-92.5 mmHg.
Ingxoxo:
Isinyathelo 1: Bala inani lama-moles e-NaCl namanzi.
– Isisindo se-molar se-NaCl: 58.5 g/mol.
– Inani lama-moles e-NaCl:
\[ \text{mol NaCl} = \frac{58.5\text{ g}}{58.5\text{ g/mol}} = 1 \text{ mol} \]
– Isisindo samanzi esinama-molar (H\(_2\)O): 18 g/mol.
– Inani lama-moles amanzi:
\[ \text{moles of water} = \frac{200\text{ g}}{18\text{ g/mol}} = 11.11 \text{ mol} \]
Isinyathelo 2: Khumbula ukuthi i-ionization ephelele ye-NaCl ikhiqiza ama-ion ama-2 ngeyunithi ngayinye yefomula (Na\(^+\) kanye ne-Cl\(^-\)).
\[ n_{\text{total}} = n_{\text{NaCl}} \cdot 2 = 1 \cdot 2 = 2 \text{mol ions} \]
Isinyathelo 3: Bala ingxenye ye-mole ye-solute.
\[ x_{\text{NaCl}} = \frac{n_{\text{total}}}{n_{\text{total}} + n_{\text{air}}} = \frac{2}{2 + 11.11} = 0.152 \]
Isinyathelo 4: Bala ukwehla kwengcindezi yomhwamuko.
\[ \Delta P = x_{\text{NaCl}} \cdot P^\text{0}_{\text{air}} \]
\[ \Delta P = 0.152 \cdot 92.5 \text{ mmHg} = 14.06 \text{ mmHg} \]
Isibonelo Umbuzo 3
Umbuzo:
Uma amagremu angu-20 e-glucose (C\(_6\)H\(_{12}\)O\(_6\)) encibilikiswa kumagremu angu-150 amanzi, kanti ingcindezi yomhwamuko wamanzi ahlanzekile ku-25°C ingu-23.8 mmHg, bala ingcindezi yomhwamuko wesisombululo.
Ingxoxo:
Isinyathelo 1: Bala inani lama-moles e-glucose namanzi.
– Isisindo se-molar se-glucose: 180 g/mol.
– Inani lama-moles e-glucose:
\[ \text{mol glucose} = \frac{20\text{ g}}{180\text{ g/mol}} = 0.111 \text{ mol} \]
– Isisindo samanzi esinama-molar (H\(_2\)O): 18 g/mol.
– Inani lama-moles amanzi:
\[ \text{moles of water} = \frac{150\text{ g}}{18\text{ g/mol}} = 8.33 \text{ mol} \]
Isinyathelo 2: Bala ingxenye ye-mole ye-glucose.
\[ x_{\text{glucose}} = \frac{\text{mol glucose}}{\text{mol glucose} + \text{mole water}} = \frac{0.111}{0.111 + 8.33} = 0.0132 \]
Isinyathelo 3: Bala ukwehla kwengcindezi yomhwamuko.
\[ \Delta P = x_{\text{glucose}} \cdot P^\text{0}_{\text{water}} \]
\[ \Delta P = 0.0132 \cdot 23.8 \text{ mmHg} = 0.314 \text{ mmHg} \]
Isinyathelo 4: Bala umfutho womusi wesisombululo.
\[ P_{\text{solution}} = P^\text{0}_{\text{water}} – \Delta P \]
\[ P_{\text{solution}} = 23.8 \text{ mmHg} – 0.314 \text{ mmHg} = 23.486 \text{ mmHg} \]
I-Penutup
Kusukela ezibonelweni ezingenhla, singabona ukuthi ukwehla kwengcindezi yomhwamuko wesisombululo kungabalwa kalula uma sazi inani lama-moles e-solute kanye ne-solvent, kanye nengcindezi yomhwamuko we-solvent emsulwa. Lo mqondo unezinhlelo eziningi ezibalulekile, ikakhulukazi ezimbonini zamakhemikhali nezemithi, lapho ukulawula izakhiwo zesisombululo kubalulekile khona. Ukuqonda kahle lo mqondo kusiza nasekufundweni okwengeziwe kwezakhiwo ze-thermodynamic zezixazululo.
