Isibonelo Semibuzo Yengxoxo Ye-Infrared
I-Pendahuluan
I-infrared uhlobo lwamagagasi kagesi anobude be-wavelength obude kunokukhanya okubonakalayo kodwa obufushane kunamagagasi omsakazo. Amagagasi e-infrared anezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi, kusukela kubuchwepheshe kanye nezokwelapha kuya kwezokuxhumana kanye nokuphepha. Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ngezinkinga eziningana zezibonelo ezihlobene ne-infrared kanye nezincazelo zazo ukuze sinikeze ukuqonda okujulile kwalomqondo.
Umbono Oyisisekelo We-Infrared
I-infrared inobude be-wavelength obusukela kuma-nanometer angu-700 (nm) kuya kumamilimitha angu-1 (mm). Lobu bude be-wavelength batholakala nguWilliam Herschel ngo-1800 ngenkathi enza izivivinyo zokulinganisa izinga lokushisa lemibala ehlukahlukene ku-spectrum yokukhanya. Wathola ukuthi izindawo ezingaphandle kwe-spectrum ebomvu, ezingabonakali ngeso lomuntu, empeleni zazinokushisa okuphezulu.
I-infrared ihlukaniswe ngezigaba eziningana ngokusekelwe kubude bayo be-wavelength:
1. I-Near-Infrared (NIR): 700 nm – 1.4 µm
2. I-Infrared Ephakathi (I-Mid-Infrared, MIR): 1.4 µm – 3 µm
3. I-Far-Infrared (FIR): 3 µm – 1 mm
Amadivayisi anjengekhamera ye-infrared noma i-thermography, izilawuli ezikude, kanye nokuxhumana kwe-fiber-optic asebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-infrared ngezinjongo ezahlukahlukene. Ukukhanya kwe-infrared kungasetshenziswa futhi ukuhlaziya ukwakheka kwezinto ngokusebenzisa i-infrared spectroscopy.
Imibuzo Eyisibonelo Nengxoxo
umbuzo 1
Umbuzo:
Isilawuli kude se-TV sisebenzisa i-infrared ukudlulisa amasignali ku-TV. Uma ubude be-wavelength ye-infrared esetshenzisiwe bungu-950 nm futhi ijubane lokukhanya lingu-\(3 \times 10^8 \) m/s, iyini imvamisa yegagasi le-infrared?
Ingxoxo:
Imvamisa yamagagasi kagesi ingabalwa kusetshenziswa ifomula eyisisekelo yobudlelwano phakathi kwe-wavelength (\(\lambda\)) kanye nemvamisa (f):
\[ f = \frac{c}{\lambda} \]
no:
– \( f \) = imvamisa (Hz)
– \( c \) = isivinini sokukhanya (\(3 \izikhathi ezingu-10^8 \) m/s)
– \( \lambda \) = ubude besikhathi (m)
Kulo mbuzo, ubude be-wavelength (\(\lambda\)) bunikezwe ngama-nanometer (nm), ngakho-ke ukuguqulwa kube amamitha (m) kuyadingeka:
\[ 950 \, nm = 950 \izikhathi eziyi-10^{-9} \, m \]
Manje sifaka la manani esikhundleni sale fomula:
\[ f = \frac{3 \times 10^8 \, m/s}{950 \times 10^{-9} \, m} = 3.16 \times 10^{14} Hz \]
Ngakho-ke, imvamisa yegagasi le-infrared ingu-\(3.16 \times 10^{14} \) Hz.
umbuzo 2
Umbuzo:
Ikhamera ye-infrared isetshenziselwa ukuthola imisebe yokushisa evela entweni. Ikhamera inesitholi esizwela amaza okukhanya aphakathi kwama-micrometer angu-8 (µm) no-14 µm. Yiluphi uhla lwemvamisa yemisebe ikhamera engaluthola?
Ingxoxo:
Ukuze sibale amaza aphezulu kanye namancane, sisebenzisa ifomula efanayo naleyo esembuzweni odlule:
\[ f = \frac{c}{\lambda} \]
Okokuqala, guqula ubude be-wavelength kusuka kuma-micrometer (µm) kuya kumamitha (m):
\[ 8 \, µm = 8 \izikhathi 10^{-6} \, m \]
\[ 14 \, µm = 14 \izikhathi 10^{-6} \, m \]
Manje bala imvamisa ephezulu (\( f_{max} \)) kanye nemvamisa encane (\( f_{min} \)):
\[ f_{max} = \frac{3 \times 10^8 \, m/s}{8 \times 10^{-6} \, m} = 3.75 \times 10^{13} Hz \]
\[ f_{min} = \frac{3 \times 10^8 \, m/s}{14 \times 10^{-6} \, m} = 2.14 \times 10^{13} Hz \]
Ngakho-ke, ububanzi bemvamisa obungatholwa yikhamera ye-infrared buyi-\(2.14 \times 10^{13} \) Hz kuya ku-\(3.75 \times 10^{13} \) Hz.
umbuzo 3
Umbuzo:
Into ikhipha imisebe ye-infrared enamandla aphezulu kakhulu kubude be-wavelength obuyi-10 µm. Ngokusekelwe kumthetho we-Wien wokufuduka, nquma izinga lokushisa lento. Sebenzisa i-Wien's constant (\(b\)) ye-\(2.898 \times 10^{-3} \, m \cdot K\).
Ingxoxo:
Umthetho we-Wien wokufuduka uthi umkhiqizo wobude be-wavelength lapho kwenzeka khona ukuqina okukhulu kwemisebe (\(\lambda_{max}\)) kanye nokushisa okuphelele (T) kwento kuyinto engaguquki:
\[ \lambda_{max} \cdot T = b \]
no:
– \(\lambda_{max}\) = ubude besikhathi sobude bokuqina okuphezulu (m)
– T = izinga lokushisa lento (K)
– \(b\) = Okungaguquki kukaWien (\(2.898 \izikhathi 10^{-3} \, m \cdot K\))
Kuyaziwa ukuthi i-\(\lambda_{max}\) ingu-10 µm, okudingeka iguqulwe ibe amamitha:
\[ 10 \, µm = 10 \izikhathi 10^{-6} \, m \]
Manje faka la manani kufomula:
\[ 10 \izikhathi 10^{-6} \, m \cdot T = 2.898 \izikhathi 10^{-3} \, m \cdot K \]
Isixazululo se-T yilesi:
\[ T = \frac{2.898 \times 10^{-3} \, m \cdot K}{10 \times 10^{-6} \, m} = 289.8 \, K \]
Ngakho-ke, izinga lokushisa lento lingu-289.8 K.
umbuzo 4
Umbuzo:
Ubona i-infrared spectrum ye-organic chemical compound bese uthola i-absorbance peak ku-3 µm. Uma ubusebenzisa i-infrared spectroscopy, yiluphi uhlobo lwe-chemical bond olungaba yimbangela yalesi peak?
Ingxoxo:
I-infrared spectroscopy isebenzisa iqiniso lokuthi ama-molecule amakhemikhali amunca amaza e-infrared kuma-wavelength athile ahambisana nama-frequency angaphakathi okudlidliza kwama-molecule. Ama-wavelength athile e-infrared angahlotshaniswa nezinhlobo ezithile zezibopho zamakhemikhali:
– Izibopho ze-CH ezinhlanganisela eziphilayo zivame ukumunca kuma-wavelength azungeze ama-3 µm.
– Izibopho ze-OH kuma-alcohols nama-carboxylic acid zivame ukumunca cishe ku-2.7-3.5 µm.
– Izibopho ze-NH kuma-amine zivame ukumunca cishe ku-3.1-3.3 µm.
Kusukela kulwazi olunikeziwe, inani eliphakeme lokumuncwa ku-3 µm kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi libangelwa ukudlidliza kwe-CH.
Ngakho-ke, mhlawumbe okubangela ukuphakama kokumuncwa ku-3 µm yisibopho se-CH ku-organic chemical compound.
Isiphetho
Kulesi sihloko, sixoxe ngezinkinga eziningana zezibonelo kanye nezingxoxo ezihlobene namagagasi e-infrared. Ngalezi zibonelo, singaqonda kabanzi imiqondo eyisisekelo yemvamisa, ubude be-wavelength, kanye nokushisa kumongo wemisebe ye-infrared, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo ku-spectroscopy. I-infrared iyingxenye ebalulekile ye-spectrum ye-electromagnetic futhi inezinhlelo eziningi emikhakheni ehlukahlukene, ngakho-ke ukuyifunda kunganikeza ukuqonda okuwusizo ngezenzakalo zemvelo kanye nobuchwepheshe.
