Imibuzo Yesibonelo Ekhuluma Ngezibopho Zamakhemikhali
Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ngezibopho zamakhemikhali—enye yemiqondo eyisisekelo ebaluleke kakhulu kumakhemikhali. Izibopho zamakhemikhali ukuxhumana phakathi kwama-athomu okuwavumela ukuthi akhe ama-compound noma ama-molecule. Kunezinhlobo eziningana ezivamile zezibopho zamakhemikhali: i-ionic, i-covalent, kanye ne-metallic. Ake sihlole uhlobo ngalunye lwesibopho ngezinkinga zezibonelo kanye nezingxoxo.
Ukubopha kwe-Ionic
Izibopho ze-Ionic zenzeka lapho ama-electron edluliselwa kusuka ku-athomu eyodwa kuya kwenye, okuholela kuma-ion ashajelwe kahle (ama-cation) kanye nama-ion ashajelwe kabi (ama-anion). Lawa ma-cation nama-anion abe esedonseleka komunye nomunye ngamandla kagesi.
Isibonelo Umbuzo 1
Umbuzo:
Nikeza isibonelo bese uchaza ukuthi isibopho se-ionic sakhiwa kanjani phakathi kwe-sodium (Na) ne-chlorine (Cl).
Ingxoxo:
I-Sodium (Na) iyisakhi seqembu le-alkali esinenombolo ye-athomu engu-11, ngakho-ke ukwakheka kwayo kungu-2, 8, 1. I-Sodium ivame ukulahlekelwa yi-electron eyodwa ukuze ifinyelele ukwakheka kwe-octet okuzinzile, ibe yi-Na+.
I-Chlorine (Cl) iyisakhi se-halogen esinenombolo ye-athomu engu-17, ngakho-ke ukwakheka kwayo kungu-2, 8, 7. I-Chlorine ivame ukwamukela i-electron eyodwa ukuze ifinyelele ukwakheka okuzinzile kwe-octet, ibe yi-Cl-.
Uma i-sodium ne-chlorine zisabela, i-sodium ilahlekelwa yi-electron eyodwa:
\[ \text{Na} \rightarrow \text{Na}^+ + \text{e}^- \]
Nakuba i-chlorine yamukela i-electron eyodwa:
\[ \text{Cl} + \text{e}^- \rightarrow \text{Cl}^- \]
Umphumela uba ukuthi i-Na+ kanye ne-C-ions zidonseleka komunye nomunye ngamandla kagesi, zakha i-compound sodium chloride (NaCl). Isakhiwo esiphumelayo siyi-lattice eqinile yekristalu.
Izibopho ze-Covalent
Isibopho se-covalent sakhiwa lapho ama-athomu amabili abelana ngepheya elilodwa noma ngaphezulu lama-electron ukuze kufezwe ukucushwa okuzinzile kwe-octet. Izibopho ze-covalent zingaba yi-nonpolar (ama-electron abiwa ngokulinganayo) noma zibe yi-polar (ama-electron awabiwa ngokulinganayo).
Isibonelo Umbuzo 2
Umbuzo:
Nikeza futhi uchaze ukuthi izibopho ze-covalent zakhiwa kanjani kuma-molecule amanzi (H2O).
Ingxoxo:
I-molecule yamanzi iqukethe ama-athomu amabili e-hydrogen (H) kanye ne-athomu elilodwa le-oxygen (O). I-oxygen inenombolo ye-athomu engu-8 ene-electron configuration engu-2, 6. I-oxygen idinga amanye ama-electron amabili ukuze ifinyelele i-octet.
I-hydrogen inenombolo ye-athomu 1 ene-electron configuration 1. I-hydrogen idinga i-electron eyodwa ukuze ifinyelele ukwakheka okuzinzile njenge-helium.
Ku-molecule yamanzi, i-athomu ngayinye ye-hydrogen yabelana nge-electron eyodwa nomoya-mpilo. I-oxygen yabelana ngama-electron amabili (elilodwa ne-hydrogen ngayinye), kuyilapho i-athomu ngayinye ye-hydrogen yabelana nge-electron eyodwa nomoya-mpilo. Isakhiwo se-Lewis se-molecule yamanzi yilesi:
\[ \umbhalo{O} \kwesobunxele( \umbhalo{H} \kwesokudla)_2 \]
Lesi sibopho sikhiqiza izibopho ezimbili ze-polar covalent ngoba i-oxygen ine-electronegative kakhulu kune-hydrogen, ngakho-ke idonsela umbhangqwana we-electron ngamandla kakhulu kuyo.
Izibopho Zensimbi
Ukubopha kwensimbi kwenzeka phakathi kwama-athomu ensimbi, lapho ama-electron e-valence angahamba khona ngokukhululeka kulo lonke isakhiwo sensimbi, akha 'ulwandle lwama-electron'. Lesi simo sinikeza izinsimbi izakhiwo eziyingqayizivele, njengokuqhuba okuphezulu kukagesi nokushisa kanye nokukhanya kanye nokuguquguquka.
Isibonelo Umbuzo 3
Umbuzo:
Chaza ukuthi izibopho zensimbi zakheka kanjani kuthusi (Cu).
Ingxoxo:
Ithusi (Cu) liyisici sokuguquka esinenombolo ye-athomu 29 kanye nokucushwa kwe-electron [Ar] 3d10 4s1. Ekuhlanganiseni kwensimbi, ama-electron avela egobolondweni elingaphandle (ama-valence electron) asebenzisana nama-athomu amaningi ndawonye, akha 'ulwandle lwama-electron' oluzungeze i-nucleus enhle ye-ion yensimbi.
Esakhiweni sekristalu sensimbi yethusi, i-athomu ngayinye ye-Cu inikela nge-electron yayo ye-valence olwandle lwama-electron. Ukubopha kwensimbi akukhawulelwe komakhelwane bayo abaseduze, kodwa kuhlanganisa yonke i-lattice yensimbi ndawonye, okuholela ezimfanelweni zayo ezihlukile.
Isibonelo Semibuzo Ehlanganisiwe
Ake sibheke ezinye izibonelo zezinkinga ezihilela ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zezibopho zamakhemikhali.
Isibonelo Umbuzo 4
Umbuzo:
Nikeza futhi uchaze ukwakheka kwe-ionic kanye ne-covalent kwama-magnesium oxide (MgO) kanye ne-carbon dioxide (CO2).
Ingxoxo:
I-Magnesium Oxide (MgO)
I-Magnesium (Mg) iyinsimbi yomhlaba ene-alkaline enenombolo ye-athomu engu-12, ukwakheka kwama-electron 2, 8, 2. I-Mg ivame ukulahlekelwa ama-electron amabili ukuze ifinyelele ukwakheka kwegesi enhle okuzinzile, ibe yi-Mg2+.
I-oksijini (O) enenombolo ye-athomu 8, ukumiswa kwama-electron 2, 6, ivame ukwamukela ama-electron amabili ukuze kufezwe ukumiswa kwegesi enhle okuzinzile, ibe yi-O2-.
Ukusabela kwe-ionization:
\[ \text{Mg} \rightarrow \text{Mg}^{2+} + 2\ \text{e}^- \]
\[ \text{O} + 2\ \text{e}^- \rightarrow \text{O}^{2-} \]
Lokhu kuphumela ekutheni ama-ion e-Mg2+ kanye ne-O2 adonseleke komunye nomunye ngamandla kagesi, akha i-ionic compound magnesium oxide (MgO).
I-Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
I-Carbon (C) enenombolo ye-athomu 6, ukucushwa kwama-electron 2, 4, idinga ama-electron amane ukuze kufezwe ukucushwa kwe-octet.
I-oksijini (O) enenombolo ye-athomu 8, ukumiswa kwe-electron 2, 6, idinga ama-electron amabili e-octet.
Ikhabhoni idinga ukwabelana ngamabili ama-electron nomoya-mpilo ngamunye ukuze kufezwe i-octet:
\[ \umbhalo{O} = \umbhalo{C} = \umbhalo{O} \]
Isakhiwo sikaLewis se-CO2 sibonisa isibopho esisodwa esiphindwe kabili phakathi kwekhabhoni ne-athomu ngayinye ye-oxygen. Lesi isibopho esiphindwe kabili esiqinisa i-molecule ye-CO2. Ngenxa yokuthi i-oxygen ine-electronegative kakhulu kunekhabhoni, lesi futhi isibopho esiphindwe kabili se-polar covalent.
Isiphetho
Ukubopha ngamakhemikhali kubalulekile ekwakheni nasekuqondeni izakhiwo ezahlukahlukene zama-molecule kanye namakhemikhali amakhemikhali. Ngezibonelo kanye nezingxoxo zezibopho ze-ionic, i-covalent, kanye ne-metallic, sibone ukuthi izinhlobo ezahlukene zezibopho zakha kanjani nokuthi zithinta kanjani izakhiwo zomzimba zezinto. Lokhu kuqonda kubalulekile ekusebenziseni imiqondo yamakhemikhali emikhakheni ehlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi i-biology, i-physics, kanye neminye imikhakha yezobuchwepheshe. Sithemba ukuthi lesi sihloko sikusizile ukujulisa ukuqonda kwakho ukubopha ngamakhemikhali!
