Imibuzo Yesibonelo Ekhuluma Ngezibopho Ze-Ionic
Isibopho se-ionic uhlobo lwesibopho samakhemikhali esakhiwe ukudluliselwa kwe-electron eyodwa noma ngaphezulu kusuka ku-athomu eyodwa kuya kwenye, okuholela kuma-ion amabili anamacala aphikisanayo abese edonselana. Lesi sibopho ngokuvamile senzeka phakathi kwezinsimbi nezingezona izinsimbi. Kulesi sihloko, sizobheka izibonelo nezingxoxo ezihlobene nokubopha kwe-ionic ukuze sisize siqonde kangcono lo mqondo.
Incazelo kanye nezici zezibopho ze-Ionic
Izibopho ze-Ionic zenzeka lapho ama-athomu ehlangana ukuze kufezwe ukucushwa kwama-electron okuzinzile. Ngokuvamile, ama-athomu ensimbi alahlekelwa ama-electron ukuze kufezwe ukucushwa kwegesi okuhle, abe ama-cation ashajeke kahle. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ama-athomu angewona awensimbi athola ama-electron ukuze abe ama-anion ashajeke kabi. Isibonelo esivamile sokubopha kwe-ionic ukwakheka kwe-sodium chloride (NaCl) kusuka ku-sodium (Na) kanye ne-chlorine (Cl).
I-Sodium (Na) inesimo se-electron esingu-2,8,1 futhi ivame ukulahlekelwa yi-electron eyodwa ukuze ifinyelele isimo esizinzile esingu-2,8. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-chlorine (Cl) inesimo se-electron esingu-2,8,7 futhi ivame ukwamukela i-electron eyodwa ukuze ifinyelele isimo esizinzile esingu-2,8,8. Lapho i-sodium ilahlekelwa yi-electron eyodwa ku-chlorine, kwakheka ama-ion e-Na⁺ nama-Cl⁻ adonselana ukuze akhe isibopho se-ionic, akhiqize usawoti i-NaCl.
Isibonelo Inkinga 1: Ukwakheka Kwezibopho Ze-Ionic ku-NaCl
1. Umbuzo: Chaza ukuthi izibopho ze-ionic zakhiwa kanjani phakathi kwe-sodium (Na) ne-chlorine (Cl).
Izimpendulo Nengxoxo:
– Isinyathelo 1: Thola ukucushwa kwe-electron.
– I-Sodium (Na): Inombolo ye-athomu 11, ukumiswa kwe-electron 2,8,1.
– I-Chlorine (Cl): Inombolo ye-athomu 17, ukumiswa kwe-electron 2,8,7.
– Isinyathelo 2: Thola ukuthambekela kwe-athomu.
– I-Sodium (Na) ivame ukukhulula i-electron eyodwa ukuze ifinyelele ukwakheka okungu-2,8, ibe yi-Na⁺ ion.
– I-Chlorine (Cl) ivame ukwamukela i-electron eyodwa ukuze ifinyelele ukwakheka okungu-2,8,8, ibe yi-Cl⁻ ion.
– Isinyathelo 3: Ukwakheka kwesibopho.
– I-Sodium ikhipha ama-electron abe yi-Na⁺ ngeshaja engu-+1.
– I-Chlorine yamukela ama-electron ukuthi abe yi-Cl⁻ ngeshaja engu--1.
– Ama-ion e-Na⁺ kanye ne-Cl⁻ ayakhana futhi akha izibopho ze-ionic ekwakhiweni kwe-NaCl okuzinzile.
Isibonelo Umbuzo 2: Ukwakheka kwezibopho ze-Ionic ku-MgO
2. Umbuzo: Chaza ukuthi isibopho se-ionic sakha kanjani phakathi kwe-magnesium (Mg) kanye ne-oxygen (O) ukuze kwakheke i-magnesium oxide (MgO).
Izimpendulo Nengxoxo:
– Isinyathelo 1: Thola ukucushwa kwe-electron.
– I-Magnesium (Mg): Inombolo ye-athomu 12, ukumiswa kwe-electron 2,8,2.
– I-oksijini (O): Inombolo ye-athomu 8, ukumiswa kwe-electron 2,6.
– Isinyathelo 2: Thola ukuthambekela kwe-athomu.
– I-Magnesium (Mg) ivame ukukhulula ama-electron amabili ukuze ifinyelele ukwakheka okungu-2,8, ibe yi-ion ye-Mg²⁺.
– I-oksijini (O) ivame ukwamukela ama-electron amabili ukuze ifinyelele ukwakheka okungu-2,8, ibe yi-ion ye-O²⁻.
– Isinyathelo 3: Ukwakheka kwesibopho.
– I-Magnesium ikhipha ama-electron amabili abe yi-Mg²⁺ ngeshaja engu-+2.
– I-oksijini yamukela ama-electron amabili ukuze abe yi-O²⁻ eneshaja engu--2.
– Ama-ion e-Mg²⁺ kanye ne-O²⁻ ayakhangana ukuze akhe izibopho ze-ionic ekwakhiweni kwe-MgO.
Isibonelo 3: Ukubala Amandla Okuzivocavoca Kwe-NaCl Lattice
3. Umbuzo: Thola amandla e-lattice adingekayo ukwakha i-NaCl kusuka kuma-ion ayo.
Izimpendulo Nengxoxo:
Amandla e-lattice amandla akhishwa lapho ama-ion asesimeni segesi ehlangana ukuze akhe i-mole eyodwa yekristalu eqinile ye-ionic compound. Amandla e-lattice e-NaCl angalinganiswa kusetshenziswa i-equation ye-Born-Haber.
Amandla e-lattice angavezwa njengomehluko wamandla aphelele phakathi kwama-ion asesimweni segesi kanye namandla lapho eboshwe ku-lattice eqinile yekristalu.
Nge-NaCl:
– Amandla okunciphisa i-Na: ΔH_sub = 107 kJ/mol
– Amandla e-ionization ye-Na: ΔH_ion = 496 kJ/mol
– Amandla okuhlukaniswa kwe-Cl₂: ΔH_diss/2 = 122 kJ/mol
– Ukusondelana kwe-electron kwe-Cl: ΔH_ea = -349 kJ/mol
– Amandla e-Lattice (U): Akwaziwa, kufanele siwathole.
Kusukela kumjikelezo we-Born-Haber, singabhala:
U = ΔH_sub(Na) + ΔH_ion(Na) + ΔH_diss(Cl₂)/2 + ΔH_ea(Cl) – ΔH_form
Uma sazi ukuthi i-enthalpy yokwakheka (ΔH_form) ye-NaCl ingu--411 kJ/mol, khona-ke:
U = (107 + 496 + 122 – 349) kJ/mol – (-411 kJ/mol)
U = 107 + 496 + 122 – 349 + 411
U ≈ 787 kJ/mol
Isibonelo 4: Igrafu Yamandla Angaba Khona vs. Ibanga Eliphakathi Kwama-Ion
4. Umbuzo: Dweba igrafu yamandla angase abe khona uma kuqhathaniswa nebanga eliphakathi kwama-ion angu-Na⁺ nama-Cl⁻ ku-NaCl, bese uchaza ukuthi kwenzekani lapho ibanga eliphakathi kwama-ion amabili lishintsha.
Izimpendulo Nengxoxo:
Amandla angaba khona phakathi kwama-ion amabili ku-ionic compound angachazwa kusetshenziswa i-equation kaCoulomb:
\[ E \propto \frac{q_1 q_2}{r} \]
Lapho \( E \) kuyisithako samandla, \( q_1 \) kanye \( q_2 \) kuyizindleko zama-ion, kanye \( r \) kuyibanga eliphakathi kwama-ion. Igrafu yamandla angakhona uma iqhathaniswa nebanga eliphakathi kwama-ion ngokuvamile iyijika elinciphayo njengoba lisondela ku-zero bese likhuphuka kakhulu njengoba ibanga lisondela ku-zero.
– Ibanga Elikhulu (r likhulu kakhulu): Amandla angaba khona aseduze no-zero ngoba amandla akhangayo phakathi kwama-ion e-Na⁺ nama-Cl⁻ abuthakathaka kakhulu.
– Ibanga Elifanele (cishe ibanga le-crystal lattice): Amandla angenzeka afinyelela inani lawo eliphansi, okubonisa isimo esizinzile kakhulu lapho i-Na⁺ ne-Cl⁻ zidonswa khona kakhulu kodwa zingasondelene kakhulu. Leli ibanga lapho i-NaCl crystal izinze khona kakhulu.
– Ibanga Elincane (r lincane kakhulu): Amandla angaba khona anda kakhulu ngoba kukhona ukuxokozela phakathi kwamafu e-electron ama-ion amabili, okuwaxosha komunye nomunye.
Ekuphetheni, ukubopha kwe-ionic kuyisimiso esiyisisekelo kumakhemikhali, okubandakanya ukusebenzisana kwe-electromagnetic phakathi kwama-ion ashajelwe ngokuphambene. Ukuqonda lo mqondo ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinkinga kanye nezixazululo zawo kusisiza siqonde ukuziphatha kwama-compound ngaphansi kwezimo ezahlukahlukene. Ngokuqonda lo mqondo, singaqonda ukuthi izibopho zamakhemikhali zakheka kanjani nokuthi izakhiwo zekristalu esihlangana nazo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke zakhiwa kanjani.
