Imibuzo Yesibonelo kanye Nengxoxo Yezibopho Ze-Intermolecular
Ukubopha phakathi kwama-molecule kuyisihloko esibalulekile kumakhemikhali, ikakhulukazi ekuqondeni izakhiwo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali zezinto. Ukubopha phakathi kwama-molecule kuhlanganisa amandla okusabalala kweLondon, amandla e-dipole-dipole, kanye nama-hydrogen bonds. Ukuqonda kahle uhlobo ngalunye lwalezi zibopho nokuthi zihlangana kanjani kubalulekile ekubikezeleni ukuziphatha kwezinto ngaphansi kwezimo ezahlukahlukene. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngezinkinga eziningana zezibonelo kanye nezixazululo zazo ukusiza ukucacisa lo mqondo.
1. Isitayela saseLondon (Amandla Okuhlakazeka)
Amandla aseLondon ayizinhlobo ezibuthakathaka kakhulu zamandla e-van der Waals. Avela ekusebenzisaneni phakathi kwama-dipole esikhashana akhiwa lapho ukusatshalaliswa kwama-electron efwini lama-electron le-molecule kuba okungalingani okwesikhashana.
Isibonelo Sombuzo 1:
Umbuzo:
Ama-molecule amabili angewona ama-polar, kusho u-He no-Ne, womabili anamandla aseLondon phakathi kwawo. Njengoba u-Ne mkhulu kuno-He, chaza ukuthi yiliphi elinamandla aseLondon anamandla, futhi ngani?
Ingxoxo:
Amandla aseLondon aba makhulu njengoba inani lama-electron ku-molecule likhula, njengoba lokhu kwandisa ukuvuleka. I-Neon (Ne) inama-electron amaningi (10) kune-Helium (He) enama-electron amabili kuphela. Ngakho-ke, ama-molecule e-Ne anefu elikhulu lama-electron futhi avuleka kalula kune-He. Ngenxa yalokho, amandla aseLondon phakathi kwama-molecule e-Ne azoba namandla kunaphakathi kwama-molecule e-He.
2. Amandla e-Dipole-Dipole
Amandla e-dipole-dipole ayenzeka phakathi kwama-molecule e-polar lapho i-partial positive charge ye-molecule eyodwa isebenzisana ne-partial negative charge ye-molecule enye.
Isibonelo Sombuzo 2:
Umbuzo:
Ama-molecule amabili e-polar, i-HCl kanye ne-HF, anamandla e-dipole-dipole. Phakathi kwe-HCl kanye ne-HF, iyiphi enamandla e-dipole-dipole aqinile futhi kungani?
Ingxoxo:
Ama-molecule e-HF anamandla amakhulu e-dipole-dipole kune-HCl. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-electronegativity ye-fluorine (F) iphezulu kakhulu, futhi umehluko we-electronegativity phakathi kwe-H no-F mkhulu kunalowo ophakathi kwe-H no-Cl. Lokhu kudala i-dipole enamandla ku-molecule ye-HF kunaku-HCl. Ngakho-ke, amandla e-dipole-dipole phakathi kwama-molecule e-HF anamandla kunalawo aphakathi kwe-HCl.
3. Izibopho ze-Hydrogen
Ukubopha i-hydrogen uhlobo olukhethekile lwamandla e-dipole-dipole futhi kwenzeka lapho i-athomu ye-hydrogen iboshwe ndawonye ne-athomu ene-electronegative ephezulu (njenge-F, O, noma i-N) ixhumana ne-electron eyodwa kwenye i-athomu ene-electronegative ephezulu.
Isibonelo Sombuzo 3:
Umbuzo:
Cabanga ngezinto ezintathu ezilandelayo: amanzi (H₂O), i-methanol (CH₃OH), kanye ne-ethanol (C₂H₅OH). Thola ukuthi iyiphi enesibopho se-hydrogen esiqine kakhulu, futhi kungani?
Ingxoxo:
Zonke izinto ezibalwe zingakha izibopho ze-hydrogen ngoba zinamaqembu e--OH. Kodwa-ke, amandla esibopho se-hydrogen awaxhomeki nje kuphela ekubeni khona kweqembu le--OH kodwa futhi nasenani kanye nendawo yezindawo ezikwazi ukwakha izibopho ze-hydrogen.
– Amanzi (H₂O) angakha izibopho ezine ze-hydrogen (ezimbili njengezinikeli nge-athomu ye-H kanye nezimbili njengezimukeli nge-electron pair eyodwa ku-O).
– I-Methanol (CH₃OH) kanye ne-ethanol (C₂H₅OH) ngayinye ingakha izibopho ezimbili ze-hydrogen (eyodwa njengomnikeli nge-H kanye neyodwa njenge-acceptor nge-lone pair ku-O).
Ngakho-ke, amanzi (H₂O) anamandla okwenza izibopho ze-hydrogen eziningi kakhulu futhi ngenxa yalokho anezibopho ze-hydrogen eziqine kakhulu.
4. Inhlanganisela yeLondon Force kanye neDipole-Dipole Force
Ezintweni ezithile, inhlanganisela yamandla aseLondon kanye ne-dipole-dipole ingenzeka futhi inikele emandleni aphelele okuxhumana phakathi kwama-molecule.
Isibonelo Sombuzo 4:
Umbuzo:
Qhathanisa amaphuzu abilayo e-chloroform (CHCl₃) kanye ne-carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄), bese uchaza indima yamandla aseLondon kanye ne-dipole-dipole kulokhu.
Ingxoxo:
– I-Chloroform (CHCl₃) iyi-molecule e-polar ene-dipole moment ephelele ngenxa yokusatshalaliswa okungalingani kwama-electron maqondana nama-athomu e-H.
– I-Carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) iyi-molecule engeyona i-polar ngenxa yokusatshalaliswa kwayo kwama-electron alinganayo naphezu kokuba ne-athomu ye-Cl ene-electronegative kakhulu.
Amandla e-dipole-dipole ku-CHCl₃ azoba namandla ngenxa ye-polarity ye-molecule, kuyilapho amandla aseLondon ezoba makhulu kuwo womabili ama-molecule yize i-CCl₄ inkulu kancane futhi ingaba nefu lama-electron elikwazi ukuhlukaniswa.
Kodwa-ke, inhlanganisela yamandla aseLondon kanye namandla e-dipole-dipole ku-CHCl₃ yenza kube nephuzu lokubila eliphakeme kune-CCl₄, yize zinesisindo sama-molecule esifanayo.
5. Ukusebenzisana kwe-Ion-Dipole
Ukusebenzisana kwe-ion-dipole kubalulekile ekuncibilikisweni kosawoti ezincibilikisini ze-polar njengamanzi. Lesi sigaba sigcizelela ukubaluleka kokushaja kwe-ion kanye nokusondelana ne-solvent molecule ye-dipoles.
Isibonelo Sombuzo 5:
Umbuzo:
Kungani usawoti onjenge-sodium chloride (NaCl) uncibilika kalula emanzini?
Ingxoxo:
I-sodium chloride yakhiwe ngama-ion e-Na⁺ kanye ne-Cl⁻. Amanzi (H₂O) yi-molecule e-polar ene-charge engemihle engxenyeni ku-oxygen kanye ne-charge enhle ku-hydrogen. Lapho i-NaCl incibilika emanzini, ama-ion e-Na⁺ asebenzisana ne-oxygen end ye-molecule yamanzi, kuyilapho ama-ion e-Cl⁻ esebenzisana ne-hydrogen end. Lokhu kuxhumana kwama-ion-dipole kunamandla anele ukunqoba amandla e-ionic ku-crystal ye-NaCl, okuvumela usawoti ukuthi uhlukane futhi uncibilike.
I-Penutup
Ukuqonda izinhlobo ezahlukene zezibopho eziphakathi kwama-molecule, njenge-London forces, ukusebenzisana kwe-dipole-dipole, izibopho ze-hydrogen, kanye nokusebenzisana kwe-ion-dipole, kubalulekile ekubikezeleni nasekuchazeni izakhiwo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali zezinto. Izibonelo nezingxoxo ezivezwe kulesi sihloko ngethemba lokuthi zinikeza isithombe esicacile futhi ziqinise imiqondo eyisisekelo yokubopha phakathi kwama-molecule. Lolu lwazi alubalulekile kuphela kwisayensi yethiyori kodwa futhi nasezisetshenzisweni ezisebenzayo njengobunjiniyela bezinto, imithi, kanye nesayensi yezemvelo.
