Imibuzo Eyisibonelo Exoxa Ngamaqembu Asebenzayo Njengezikhungo Ezisebenzayo Kumakhemikhali E-Organic
Iqembu elisebenzayo liyiqembu elithile lama-athomu ngaphakathi kwe-molecule elinquma izici zokusabela kwamakhemikhali. Kumakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo, amaqembu asebenzayo asebenza njengezindawo ezisebenzayo, okungukuthi, izindawo lapho kwenzeka khona ukusabela kwamakhemikhali. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngezibonelo zezinkinga ezihilela amaqembu asebenzayo njengezindawo ezisebenzayo kuma-compounds ezinto eziphilayo futhi sinikeze ukuqonda okujulile kokuthi amaqembu asebenzayo athinta kanjani ukusabela kanye nezakhiwo zamakhemikhali zala ma-compounds.
Ukuqonda Amaqembu Asebenzayo
Amaqembu asebenzayo ayinhlanganisela ethile yama-athomu kuma-molecule ahlala enesibopho samaphethini athile okusabela kwamakhemikhali. Izibonelo ezivamile zifaka i-hydroxyl (-OH) kuma-alcohols, i-carbonyl (C=O) kuma-aldehydes nama-ketone, i-carboxyl (-COOH) kuma-carboxylic acid, i-amino (-NH2) kuma-amine, kanye ne-halides (-X) njenge--Cl, -Br, noma i--I kuma-haloalkanes.
Indima Yamaqembu Asebenzayo Njengezikhungo Ezisebenzayo
Uma kukhulunywa ngokusabela kwamakhemikhali aphilayo, amaqembu asebenzayo asebenza njengezindawo ezisabela kakhulu kuma-molecule ngenxa yokuminyana kwawo kwama-electron noma izimo zamandla ezihlukile. Athonya ukusabela kwama-molecule, enquma izinhlobo zokusabela okungenzeka noma okungenakwenzeka.
Imibuzo Eyisibonelo Nengxoxo
Ake sibheke ezinye izibonelo zemibuzo ehlobene namaqembu asebenzayo njengezikhungo ezisebenzayo kuma-organic compounds.
umbuzo 1
Nikeza igama bese ukhombisa iqembu elisebenzayo lale nhlanganisela elandelayo: CH3CH2OH.
Ingxoxo:
I-compound CH3CH2OH yi-ethanol. Iqembu elisebenzayo lapha yi-hydroxyl (-OH). Iqembu le-hydroxyl litholakala ku-athomu yesibili yekhabhoni ku-chain ye-carbon ezimbili, okwenza i-ethanol ibe utshwala obuyinhloko.
umbuzo 2
Thola isikhungo esisebenzayo kule nhlanganisela elandelayo: CH3COCH3.
Ingxoxo:
I-compound CH3COCH3 yi-propanone, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-acetone. Iqembu elisebenzayo kule compound yi-carbonyl (C=O). Iqembu le-carbonyl lenza le compound ibe yi-ketone. Indawo esebenzayo itholakala ku-athomu ye-carbonyl carbon ngoba umoya-mpilo ukhipha ama-electron ku-carbon, okwenza ikhabhoni ibe yi-electrophilic kakhulu futhi ithambekele ekuhlaselweni yi-nucleophilic.
umbuzo 3
Bhala ukusabela phakathi kwe-acetic acid (CH3COOH) ne-ethanol (CH3CH2OH). Khomba amaqembu asebenzayo ahilelekile kanye nemikhiqizo eyakhiwe.
Ingxoxo:
Ukusabela phakathi kwe-acetic acid ne-ethanol kuyisibonelo sokusabela kwe-esterification, okukhiqiza i-ester namanzi.
Ukusabela kungabhalwa kanje:
\[ \text{CH}_3\text{COOH} + \text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{OH} \rightarrow \text{CH}_3\text{COOCH}_2\text{CH}_3 + \text{H}_2\text{O} \]
Amaqembu asebenzayo ahilelekile kulokhu kusabela yi-carboxyl (-COOH) ku-acetic acid kanye ne-hydroxyl (-OH) ku-ethanol. Imikhiqizo ephumelayo yi-ethyl acetate (CH3COOCH2CH3) njenge-ester kanye namanzi (H2O).
Ukusabela kanye ne-Catalysis
Ezimweni eziningi zamakhemikhali eziphilayo, ama-catalyst avame ukusetshenziswa ukwandisa izinga lokusabela. Isibonelo, i-sulfuric acid (H2SO4) ivame ukusetshenziswa njenge-catalyst ekuphenduleni kwe-esterification ukusheshisa ukwakheka kwama-ester. Iqembu elisebenzayo le-carboxyl ku-acetic acid liphendula neqembu le-hydroxyl ku-ethanol endaweni ene-acidic, okwenza i-ester namanzi.
Imibuzo Yesibonelo Ethuthukisiwe
Ake sihlole eminye imibuzo ukuze sijulise ukuqonda kwethu ukuthi amaqembu asebenzayo asebenza kanjani njengezikhungo ezisebenzayo ekusabeleni kwamakhemikhali ahlukahlukene.
umbuzo 4
Chaza umehluko ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali okungenzeka ku-alcohols eziyinhloko, i-alcohols yesibili, kanye ne-tertiary alcohols ene-oxidizing reagents njenge-potassium permanganate (KMnO4).
Ingxoxo:
Ukusabela kwe-alcohols kuma-reagents akhipha i-oxidizing njenge-KMnO4 kuncike kakhulu ohlotsheni lotshwala.
1. Utshwala Oyinhloko (RCH2OH): Utshwala obuyinhloko buzoshiswa yi-KMnO4 bube yi-carboxylic acid.
– Isibonelo: I-ethanol (CH3CH2OH) izoshiswa ibe yi-acetic acid (CH3COOH).
2. Utshwala Besibili (R2CHOH): Utshwala besibili buzoguqulwa bube yi-ketone.
– Isibonelo: I-Isopropanol (CH3CH(OH)CH3) izoshiswa ibe yi-acetone (CH3COCH3).
3. Ama-Alcohol Asezingeni Eliphezulu (R3COH): Ama-alcohol Asezingeni Eliphezulu avame ukungaxutshwa yi-KMnO4 ngenxa yokuntuleka kwe-hydrogen exhunywe ngqo ne-carbon ehlotshaniswa neqembu le-hydroxyl.
– Isibonelo: I-Tert-butanol ((CH3)3COH) ivame ukumelana ne-oxidation yi-KMnO4.
umbuzo 5
Chaza indlela yokusabela kwamakhemikhali yokwengeza i-HBr ku-propene (CH3CH=CH2). Qamba umkhiqizo oyinhloko bese ukhomba amaqembu asebenzayo akhona kumkhiqizo wokugcina.
Ingxoxo:
Ukusabela kokwengeza kwe-HBr ku-propene kuyindlela yokwengeza ye-electrophilic elandela umthetho kaMarkovnikov, lapho i-hydrogen evela ku-HBr izokwengeza ku-athomu yekhabhoni enenani elikhulu lamabhondi e-hydrogen.
Indlela yokusabela:
1. Ukwakheka kwe-carbocation:
\[ \text{CH}_3\text{CH=CH}_2 + \text{HBr} \rightarrow \text{CH}_3\text{CH}^+\text{CH}_3 + \text{Br}^- \]
2. Ukuhlaselwa yi-nucleophilic yi-bromide ion:
\[ \text{CH}_3\text{CH}^+\text{CH}_3 + \text{Br}^- \rightarrow \text{CH}_3\text{CH}\text{BrCH}_3 \]
Umkhiqizo oyinhloko yi-2-bromopropane (CH3CHBrCH3). Amaqembu asebenzayo akhona kumkhiqizo wokugcina yiqembu le-alkyl kanye neqembu le-halide (bromo-Br).
Isiphetho
Amaqembu asebenzayo ayizingxenye ezibalulekile ze-organic chemistry ngoba anquma ukusabela kanye nezakhiwo zamakhemikhali zamakhemikhali. Ngokuqonda kahle amaqembu asebenzayo, singabikezela ukuthi amakhemikhali e-organic azosabela kanjani ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Ingxoxo ngezinkinga ezingenhla ibonisa ukuthi amaqembu asebenzayo asebenza kanjani njengezindawo ezisebenzayo ekusabeleni kwamakhemikhali ahlukahlukene, kusukela ekufakweni kwe-oxidation kanye nokunciphisa kuya ekungezeni nasekufakweni kwe-ester. Lokhu kuqonda okuthuthukisiwe kubalulekile ekusetshenzisweni okuhlukahlukene okusebenzayo kumakhemikhali, i-biochemistry, kanye nemboni yezemithi.
