Imibuzo Yezibonelo kanye Nengxoxo Ngomthelela Wokushiswa Kwe-Hydrocarbon
Ukushiswa kwama-hydrocarbon kuyinto evamile ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke. Ama-hydrocarbon, aqukethe ama-compounds aqukethe ama-athomu e-carbon ne-hydrogen, yiwona mafutha ayinhloko asetshenziswa emikhakheni ehlukahlukene, njengezokuthutha, izimboni, kanye nemindeni. Nakuba ukushisa ama-hydrocarbon kunikeza amandla amakhulu futhi asebenzayo, le nqubo inemiphumela eminingi emvelweni kanye nempilo yabantu. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngezibonelo futhi sixoxe ngemiphumela yokushiswa kwama-hydrocarbon ngokuningiliziwe.
Incazelo yama-Hydrocarbon
Ngokwekhemikhali, ama-hydrocarbon ayizinto eziphilayo ezakhiwe ngama-athomu e-hydrogen ne-carbon kuphela. Izibonelo ezivamile zama-hydrocarbon yi-methane (CH₄), i-ethane (C₂H₆), i-propane (C₃H₈), kanye ne-butane (C₄H₁₀). Ama-hydrocarbon ahlanganisa ne-petroleum kanye nezinto eziphuma kuyo, njengophethiloli, udizili, kanye negesi yemvelo. Ukushiswa kwama-hydrocarbon lapho kukhona umoya-mpilo owanele kukhiqiza amandla, i-carbon dioxide (CO₂), kanye nomhwamuko wamanzi (H₂O).
Inqubo Yokushisa Kwe-Hydrocarbon
Ngokuvamile, i-equation yokusabela kokushiswa kwe-hydrocarbon ingabhalwa kanje:
CₓHᵧ + (x + \(\frac{y}{4}\)) O₂ → x CO₂ + \(\frac{y}{2}\) H₂O
Isibonelo se-methane:
CH₄ + 2 O₂ → CO₂ + 2 H₂O
Umthelela Wokushiswa Kwe-Hydrocarbon
1. Ukukhishwa Kwegesi Ebamba Ukushisa
Ukushiswa kwama-hydrocarbon kukhiqiza i-carbon dioxide (CO₂), igesi enkulu yokushisa. Le gesi inegalelo emphumela wokushisa, ibambe ukushisa emoyeni futhi ibangele ukufudumala komhlaba. Ukufudumala komhlaba kube sekuholela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu, okuthinta amaphethini esimo sezulu esibi kakhulu, ukuncibilikisa iqhwa ezindaweni ezibandayo, kanye nokwenyuka kwamazinga olwandle.
2. Ukungcoliswa Komoya
Ngaphezu kwe-CO₂, ukushiswa kwama-hydrocarbon kukhipha nezinye izinto ezingcolisayo njenge-sulfur dioxide (SO₂), i-nitrogen oxides (NOₓ), kanye ne-fine particulate matter (PM). Lezi zinto ezingcolisayo zibangela izinkinga ezahlukene zempilo ezifana ne-asthma, i-bronchitis, nesifo senhliziyo, kanye nokuba nomthelela omubi emvelweni.
3. Imvula Ene-asidi
I-Sulfur dioxide (SO₂) kanye ne-nitrogen oxides (NOₓ) ezikhiqizwa ngokushiswa kwama-hydrocarbon zingasabela nomhwamuko wamanzi emoyeni, zakha i-sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) kanye ne-nitric acid (HNO₃). Imvula equkethe lawa ma-acid yaziwa ngokuthi i-acid rain, engalimaza izitshalo, izakhiwo, kanye nezindawo zamanzi.
4. Ukwakheka kwe-Tropospheric Ozone (O₃)
Ama-nitrogen oxides kanye nama-volatile organic compounds (ama-VOC) akhiqizwa ngokushiswa kwama-hydrocarbon angasabela ekukhanyeni kwelanga ukuze akhe i-tropospheric ozone. Nakuba i-stratospheric ozone isivikela emisebeni ye-ultraviolet eyingozi, i-tropospheric ozone iyisihlanzi esingcolisayo esingabangela izinkinga zokuphefumula futhi sonakalise izitshalo.
Imibuzo Eyisibonelo Nengxoxo
Nazi ezinye izibonelo zemibuzo nezingxoxo ezichaza umthelela wokushiswa kwe-hydrocarbon ngokujulile:
Umbuzo 1:
Kuyaziwa ukuthi ukusha okuphelele kwama-moles amabili e-propane (C₃H₈) kukhiqiza i-carbon dioxide namanzi. Mangaki ama-moles e-CO₂ kanye ne-H₂O akhiqizwa kulokhu kusha? Khombisa izinyathelo zokukuxazulula.
Ingxoxo:
I-equation yokusabela kokushiswa kwe-propane yile:
C₃H₈ + 5 O₂ → 3 CO₂ + 4 H₂O
Kusukela ku-reaction equation engenhla, siyazi ukuthi i-mole eyodwa ye-propane (C₃H₈) ikhiqiza ama-moles amathathu e-CO₂ kanye nama-moles amane e-H₂O. Ngakho-ke, uma sishisa ama-moles amabili e-propane:
– Ama-molecule e-CO₂ akhiqizwe = 2 mol C₃H₈ × 3 mol CO₂/mol C₃H₈ = 6 mol CO₂
– Ama-molecule e-H₂O akhiqizwe = 2 mol C₃H₈ × 4 mol H₂O/mol C₃H₈ = 8 mol H₂O
Ngakho-ke, ukusha kwama-moles amabili e-propane kukhiqiza ama-moles ayi-6 e-CO₂ kanye nama-moles ayi-8 e-H₂O.
Umbuzo 2:
Uma kwaziwa ukuthi ukushiswa kwelitha eli-1 likaphethiloli (isb. i-octane, i-C₈H₁₈) kukhipha ama-2,3 kg e-CO₂, yiliphi ivolumu yegesi ye-CO₂ ekhiqizwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile (0°C kanye ne-1 atm), uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi ubuningi be-CO₂ bungu-1,98 kg/m³?
Isixazululo:
Okokuqala, sibala ukuthi kukhiqizwa i-CO₂ engakanani uma ilitha eli-1 likaphethiloli likhiqiza ama-2,3 kg e-CO₂:
Isisindo se-CO₂ esikhiqizwe = 2,3 kg
Ubuningi be-CO₂ = 1,98 kg/m³
Umthamo we-CO₂ = Ubuningi be-CO₂ / Ubuningi be-CO₂
\[ \text{Volume} \, CO2 = \frac{2.3 \, kg}{1.98 \, kg/m³} = 1.16 \, m³ \]
Kodwa-ke, sidinga ukuguqula amayunithi abe amalitha ukuze sithole ivolumu:
1 m³ = amalitha ayi-1000
Ngakho-ke, ivolumu ye-CO₂ ngamalitha ingu:
\[ 1.16 \, m³ \izikhathi ezingu-1000 \, ilitha/m³ = 1160 \, ilitha \]
Ngakho-ke, ilitha eli-1 likaphethiloli likhiqiza amalitha angaba ngu-1160 e-CO₂ ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile.
Umbuzo 3:
Iyini indima ye-NOₓ ekwakhekeni kwe-ozone ye-tropospheric? Chaza indlela esebenza ngayo.
Ingxoxo:
Ama-nitrogen oxide (NOₓ) ayizinto ezingcolisa kakhulu ezibangelwa ukushiswa yi-hydrocarbon. Izingxenye zawo eziyinhloko yi-nitrogen monoxide (NO) kanye ne-nitrogen dioxide (NO₂). Indlela yokwakheka kwe-tropospheric ozone iwukusabela kwamakhemikhali okubandakanya i-NOₓ kanye nama-volatile organic compounds (VOCs), kanje:
1. CHA₂ → CHA + O (ekukhanyeni kwelanga)
2. O + O₂ → O₃ (i-ozone)
Lokhu kusabela kubonisa indlela i-NO₂ ehlukana ngayo ibe yi-NO kanye nama-athomu e-oxygen (O) ngosizo lokukhanya kwelanga. Ama-athomu e-oxygen abe esesabela nama-molecule e-oxygen (O₂) ukuze akhe i-ozone (O₃). Le ozone, etholakala ku-troposphere, iyinto engcolile eyingozi empilweni yabantu neyezitshalo.
Umbuzo 4:
Chaza ukuthi ukushiswa kwama-hydrocarbon kungabangela kanjani imvula ene-asidi nokuthi kunamthelela muni emvelweni?
Ingxoxo:
Ukusha kwama-hydrocarbon aqukethe i-sulfur kukhiqiza i-sulfur dioxide (SO₂). Igesi le-SO₂ libe seliphendula nomoya-mpilo namanzi emoyeni ukuze lenze i-sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄):
\[ 2 SO₂ + O₂ → 2 SO₃ \]
\[ SO₃ + H₂O → H₂SO₄ \]
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukushisa kukhiqiza ne-nitrogen oxide (NOₓ) engasabela namanzi ukuze yakhe i-nitric acid (HNO₃):
\[ 2 NO₂ + H₂O → HNO₃ \]
Imvula ethwala ama-asidi e-sulfuric kanye ne-nitric yaziwa ngokuthi imvula ene-asidi. Imiphumela yayo emvelweni ihlanganisa:
– Izitshalo: Imvula ene-asidi ingalimaza amaqabunga, ivimbele ukukhula, futhi ibangele ukufa kwezitshalo.
– Amanzi: Yehlisa i-pH yamanzi, okubangela izimo ze-asidi ezibulalayo ezilwaneni zasemanzini.
– Izakhiwo: Ziyagqwala ezintweni zokwakha, ikakhulukazi lezo ezenziwe nge-limestone noma nge-marble.
Ngokuhlola izinkinga eziyisibonelo kanye nezindlela zamakhemikhali ezingenhla, sithola isithombe esicacile semiphumela yezemvelo kanye nempilo yokushiswa kwe-hydrocarbon. Lokhu kuqonda kubalulekile ekutholeni ezinye izindlela ezinobungani nemvelo kanye nokusebenzisa imikhuba yokushiswa ehlanzekile.
