Imibuzo Eyisibonelo Ngengxoxo Yokukhanya Okubonakalayo
I-Pendahuluan
Ukukhanya okubonakalayo yingxenye ye-electromagnetic spectrum ebonakala ngeso lomuntu. Ububanzi bamaza okukhanya okubonakalayo bungaba ama-nanometer angu-380 kuya kwangu-740. Lokhu kukhanya kuqukethe imibala ehlukahlukene engahlukaniswa ngokugqama noma ukuphambuka. Lesi simo sivame ukufundwa ku-physics, ikakhulukazi esahlukweni esiphathelene ne-optics.
Ukukhanya kuyindlela yamandla ebalulekile empilweni yansuku zonke futhi kuyisihloko esiyinhloko ezinkingeni ezahlukahlukene zefiziksi. Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ngezibonelo eziningana zezinkinga nokuthi singazixazulula kanjani ezihlobene nokukhanya okubonakalayo.
Imibuzo Eyisibonelo Nengxoxo
Umbuzo 1: I-White Light Spectrum
I-prism yengilazi isetshenziselwa ukuhlukanisa umsebe wokukhanya okumhlophe ube yimibala yayo. Bhala uhlu lwemibala oluvela ekukhanyeni kokukhanya okumhlophe nge-prism, kusukela kubude obufushane kuya kobude obude.
Ingxoxo:
Ukukhanya okumhlophe kwakhiwe ngemibala ehlukene enama-wavelength ahlukene. Uma ukukhanya okumhlophe kudlula ku-prism, ingxenye ngayinye yombala igoba nge-engeli ehlukile kuye ngobude bayo. Ukuhleleka kwemibala kusukela kubude obufushane kuya kobude obude yilokhu:
1. Ophuzi
2. Okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
3. Okuluhlaza okotshani
4. Ophuzi
5. Orenji
6. Obomvu
Ophuzi unobude besikhathi obufushane kakhulu (~380 nm) futhi uphambukile kakhulu, kanti obomvu unobude besikhathi obude kakhulu (~700 nm) futhi uphambukile kancane kakhulu.
Umbuzo 2: Inkomba Yokubheka Okubonakalayo
Ukukhanya oku-monochromatic okunobude be-wavelength obungu-600 nm kusemkhathini wamanzi onenkomba yokukhanya engu-\(n\). Ukukhanya kungena endaweni yesibili, okuyingilazi enenkomba yokukhanya engu-1,5. Bala i-engeli yokukhanya uma i-engeli yokukhanya emanzini ingu-30 degrees. Inkomba yokukhanya kwamanzi ingu-1,33.
Ingxoxo:
Sebenzisa umthetho kaSnell, othi:
\[ n_1 \isono \theta_1 = n_2 \isono \theta_2 \]
Kunikezwe:
– Inkomba yamanzi evuselelayo, \( n_1 = 1,33 \)
– Inkomba yengilazi evuselelayo, \( n_2 = 1,5 \)
– I-engeli yokwenzeka emanzini, \( \theta_1 = 30^\circ \)
Ngakho-ke:
\[ 1,33 \isono 30^\circ = 1,5 \isono \theta_2 \]
Njengoba \(\sin 30^\circ = 0,5\), faka esikhundleni se-equation:
\[ 1,33 \izikhathi 0,5 = 1,5 \sin \theta_2 \]
\[ 0,665 = 1,5 \sin \theta_2 \]
\[ \sin \theta_2 = \frac{0,665}{1,5} \]
\[ \sin \theta_2 = 0,4433 \]
Thola i-engeli yokugqagqana \( \theta_2 \):
\[ \theta_2 = \sin^{-1}(0,4433) \cishe kube ngu-26,4^\circ \]
Ngakho-ke, i-engeli yokugqagqana engilazini \(\theta_2 \) icishe ibe ngama-degree angu-26,4.
Umbuzo 3: Ukuphazamiseka Kokukhanya
Izikhala ezimbili ezincane ezihambisanayo, ezihlukaniswe ibanga \(d = 0,1\) mm, zikhanyiswa umsebe wokukhanya oku-monochromatic onamaza obubanzi angu-\(\lambda = 500\) nm. Umsebe wokukhanya ukhiqiza iphethini yokuphazamiseka esikrinini esingamamitha angu-2 ukusuka kuzikhala. Bala ibanga phakathi kwamabhande amabili akhanyayo alandelanayo esikrinini.
Ingxoxo:
Sebenzisa lesi sibalo sebanga eliphakathi kwamabhande amabili akhanyayo alandelanayo kuphethini yokuphazamiseka okunezihibe ezimbili:
\[ \Delta y = \frac{\lambda L}{d} \]
Kunikezwe:
– Ubude begagasi lokukhanya, \( \lambda = 500 \izikhathi ezingu-10^{-9} \) amamitha
– Ibanga ukusuka endaweni evulekile kuya esikrinini, amamitha angu-(L = 2)
– Ibanga eliphakathi kwezikhala ezimbili, \( d = 0,1 \times 10^{-3} \) amamitha
Faka lezi zindinganiso esikhundleni salezi:
\[ \Delta y = \frac{500 \times 10^{-9} \text{ m} \times 2 \text{ m}}{0,1 \times 10^{-3} \text{ m}} \]
\[ \Delta y = \frac{1000 \times 10^{-9} \text{ m}}{0,1 \times 10^{-3} \text{ m}} \]
\[ \Delta y = \frac{1000 \times 10^{-9}}{10^{-4}} \]
\[ \Delta y = 10^{-5 + 4} \]
\[ \Delta y = 10^{-1} \]
\[ \Delta y = 0,01 \umbhalo{m} \]
Ngakho-ke, ibanga phakathi kwamabhendi amabili akhanyayo alandelanayo esikrinini liyi-0,01 metres noma i-1 cm.
Umbuzo 4: Ukuphambuka Kokukhanya
Ukukhanya okunobude be-wavelength obungu-\( \lambda = 600 \) nm kudlula endaweni eyodwa enobubanzi obungu-\(a = 0,02 \) mm. Iphethini ye-diffraction ephumayo ithwetshulwa esikrinini esingamamitha ama-3 ukusuka endaweni. Bala ububanzi bebhande lokuqala elimnyama kusukela enkabeni yephethini ye-diffraction.
Ingxoxo:
Sebenzisa i-equation yobubanzi bebhendi yokuqala emnyama (iphethini ye-single slit diffraction):
\[ y = \frac{m \lambda L}{a} \]
Ngebhendi yokuqala emnyama, \( m = 1 \):
\[ y = \frac{1 \times 600 \times 10^{-9} \text{ m} \times 3 \text{ m}}{0,02 \times 10^{-3} \text{ m}} \]
Ukufakwa esikhundleni kwamanani:
\[ y = \frac{600 \times 10^{-9} \text{ m} \times 3 \text{ m}}{0,02 \times 10^{-3} \text{ m}} \]
\[ y = \frac{1800 \times 10^{-9} \text{ m}}{0,02 \times 10^{-3} \text{ m}} \]
\[ y = \frac{1800}{0,02} \izikhathi ezingu-10^{-6} \umbhalo{m} \]
\[ y = \frac{1800}{0,02} \izikhathi ezingu-10^{-6} \umbhalo{m} \]
\[ y = 90000 \izikhathi ezingu-10^{-6} \umbhalo{ m} \]
\[ y = 0,09 \umbhalo{ m} \]
Ngakho-ke, ububanzi bebhande lokuqala elimnyama kusukela enkabeni yephethini yokusabalalisa bungama-0,09 amamitha noma ama-9 cm.
Isiphetho
Ukukhanya okubonakalayo yisifunda se-electromagnetic spectrum esibonakala ngeso lomuntu futhi kubalulekile ezimweni ezibonakalayo ezifana nokugqashuka, ukuphazamiseka, kanye nokusabalala. Ukuqonda imiqondo eyisisekelo nokukwazi ukuxazulula izinkinga ezihilela lezi zenzakalo kubalulekile kubafundi nakubacwaningi. Kulesi sihloko, sibukeze izinkinga eziningana zezibonelo, eziphelele nezincazelo, ukuze zisisize siqonde ukuthi ukukhanya okubonakalayo kuhlangana kanjani ne-medium futhi kukhiqize izimo ezahlukahlukene ze-optical. Ngokuqonda okungcono, singahlola ukusetshenziswa okwengeziwe kokukhanya okubonakalayo kwisayensi nobuchwepheshe.
